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THE REFORMATION

THE REFORMATION. Problems with the Catholic Church. Worldliness of the popes Priests and monks were poorly educated Some priests had wives and children People expected higher standards of conduct and learning from the clergy “…the luxury and pomp of our court is too great…”

brent-castillo
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THE REFORMATION

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  1. THE REFORMATION

  2. Problems with the Catholic Church • Worldliness of the popes • Priests and monks were poorly educated • Some priests had wives and children • People expected higher standards of conduct and learning from the clergy • “…the luxury and pomp of our court is too great…” • Pope Pius II 1464

  3. SAVONAROLA • 1490…called for reform in Florence • 1494…helped overthrow the Medici • 1494-1498 ruled Florence • “bonfire of the vanities” 1497

  4. MARTIN LUTHER1484-1546

  5. INDULGENCES • “…when the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from Purgatory springs…” Johan Tetzel

  6. October 31, 1517 • The 95 Theses • Formal statements attacking the “pardon merchants’ • Began the REFORMATION

  7. Luther’s Ideas • 1. salvation by faith alone • 2. the Bible is the only authority in Christian life • 3. priesthood of all believers

  8. THE CONSEQUENCES… • Luther was excommunicated by Leo X in 1520 • Summoned by Holy Roman Emperor Charles • Diet of Worms declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic

  9. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND

  10. THOMAS MORE 1478-1535

  11. UTOPIA • MORE’S BOOK THAT ANSWERED THE QUESTION… “how might a truly good society be organized?” • …A NEAR PERFECT SOCIETY BASED ON MERCY AND REASON…

  12. HENRY VIII • King given title “defender of the faith” in 1519 by Pope Leo X after his defense of the 7 sacraments

  13. THE MARRIAGE OF HENRY VIII AND CATHERINE OF ARAGON • 1509: married by special dispensation • Canon law and biblical prohibitions • 1527: only one surviving child, Mary • Henry’s concern over political consequences of leaving a woman in charge…need for a male heir

  14. The lady anne…1527

  15. Le Divorce • 1527: Henry fell for Anne Boleyn • Needed an annulment • Catherine’s nephew was Charles V, HRE • Cardinal Wolsey failed to secure annulment…he was fired in 1529 • Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell became Henry’s closest advisors…let’s declare the king supreme in English spiritual affairs….

  16. The Reformation Parliament 1529-1536 • Passed legislation that reined in the clergy • Established precedent that the monarch must consult/work with Parliament when making religious changes • January 1531: Henry recognized as head of the church in England • 1532: Submission of the clergy

  17. THE WEDDING…JANUARY 1533

  18. THE ACT OF SUCCESSION • 1534 • Made the children of Anne and Henry legitimate heirs to the English throne

  19. THE ACT OF SUPREMACY • 1534 • Declared Henry “the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England.”

  20. THE ANGLICAN CHURCH UNDER HENRY • Conservative • Enforced celibacy, transubstantiation (bread and wine into body and blood), confession, and denied the cup to the laity under the Six Articles of 1539 • Only mild concessions to Protestant ideas… • Great Bible(1539) mandated in every parish in English

  21. THOMAS MORE

  22. THE WIVES OF HENRY VIII • Catherine– Divorced/ annulled • Anne Boleyn--Beheaded • Jane Seymour-- Died from child-birth to Henry’s only son • Anne of Cleves– Divorced/ annulled • Kathryn Howard– Beheaded • Katherine Parr outlived Henry

  23. Calvinism • Predestination • The elect • 1541– set up a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland • 5 Pastors • Teachers to instruct populace • 12 elders to “oversee the life of everyone” • Deacons for church services to sick and elderly • This was against Luther who preached obedience to earthly rulers.

  24. Calvinist Beliefs • Predestination • If you are an “Elect” you will behave that way • Morality within Geneva is MOST important • Geneva became a home for refugees from other parts of Europe (1/3 of pop. Refugees) • “Woman’s Paradise”, men punished for beating wives

  25. Peace of Augsburg • Emperor Charles had been focused on Spain, military, and non-Empirical issues • 1552 lost to Protestant Armies • Gave religious freedoms and made division of Christendom permanent • Did not apply to Calvanists who led revolutions throughout 2nd half of 16th c.

  26. The Catholic or Counter- Reformation • Ignatius started the monastic order of the Jesuits • Jesuits who emphasized absolute discipline had 3 goals: • Set up the best schools • Convert non-Christians to Catholicism • Prevent spread of Protestantism • Ignatius and the Jesuits were the conscience of the reforming Popes

  27. Reforming Popes • Pope Paul III • Investigated abuses such as simony & indulgences • Called Council of Trent: • Pope’s interpretation of Bible is final • Saved by both Faith and Good Works (not Faith alone) • Pope Paul IV • Index of Forbidden Books were to be burned

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