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Biological & Psychological Theories

Biological & Psychological Theories. Deviance as Pathology. Biological Pathology. 1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man "atavistic anomalies" Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s) Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism Body Types. Key Elements of Pathological Reasoning.

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Biological & Psychological Theories

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  1. Biological & Psychological Theories Deviance as Pathology

  2. Biological Pathology • 1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man • "atavistic anomalies" • Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s) • Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism • Body Types

  3. Key Elements of Pathological Reasoning • Determinism • Positivism • Organismic Dysfunction/Infection

  4. Body Types • Earnest Hooten

  5. Body Types • William Sheldon

  6. Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) • Endomorph

  7. Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) • Ectomorph

  8. Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) • Mesomorph

  9. Eugenics • Richard Dugdale • The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity(1877) • Margaret Jukes, “The Mother of Criminals”

  10. Eugenics • Henry Goddard • The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)

  11. Eugenics & “Feeblemindedness” • Kallikak family treehttp://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Goddard/chart2.gif

  12. Xyy Syndrome • Xx  female • Xy  male • Xxy  Klinefelter’s syndrome • “Low masculinity” • 1961, Patricia Jacobs • Xyy  “Supermale syndrome” • NIMH study: no

  13. Psychological Pathology • Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis • id, ego, superego • developmental stages • Oral • Anal • Phallic

  14. Psychological Pathology • The Psychopath (Sociopath) • Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity • Problems with psychological explanations • Causal logic • Circularity • Sample • Over-determinism • Little predictive value

  15. Applications: Controlling Deviance • Sterilization • Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office) • Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914 • By 1914, 12 states • By 1924, 3,000 sterilized "...At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls of the meeting room with photographs taken at Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future American Population.'"

  16. Applications • 1924, Virginia: Eugenical Sterilization Act • Carrie Buck (17, single mom) • James Bell (Sup’t, VA State Colony for Epileptics & Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized) • Arthur Estabrook • Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office • Upheld by Circuit Court • Upheld by Supreme Court • O. W. Holmes • “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”

  17. Applications • By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending • Between 1907-1935: 21,359 involuntary sterilizations in the U.S. • 1936: Laughlin’s honorary degree • University of Heidelberg • For his work in “the science of racial cleansing”

  18. Applications • 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma • Chicken thief; armed robbery • To U.S. Supreme Court • William O. Douglas: violates “equal protection” • 14th amendment • OK law: Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an embezzler • Sterilization cont’d through 1970s • 60,000 • Buck v. Bell never overturned

  19. Applications • Psychosurgery • Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892) • Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)

  20. Applications • Walter Freeman & James Watt (U.S., 1950) • “Ice-Pick” Lobotomy • 1967 last surgery • Stripped of license

  21. Applications • Freeman performing a lobotomy • Howard Dully’s surgery

  22. Applications • Howard Dully, 2005 • Bus driver in California

  23. Evaluation • Biological & Psychological Pathology • Good Intentions • Ignores choice • Ignores social factors • Dubious claims to moral neutrality

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