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Potential market value of reproductive technologies

Potential market value of reproductive technologies. Sven König , Dep. Anim. Breed., University of Kassel. Definition. Biotechnology = Application of technologies with the aim of direct or indirect impact on an animals‘ performance Biotechnologies are a major component

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Potential market value of reproductive technologies

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  1. Potential market value of reproductive technologies Sven König, Dep. Anim. Breed., University of Kassel

  2. Definition Biotechnology = Application of technologies with the aim of direct or indirect impact on an animals‘ performance Biotechnologies are a major component in animal breeding since domestication, (e.g. castration) Picture: http://www.google.de/imgres

  3. Biotechnologies today Molecular genetics Reproductive technologies • Artifical Insemination (AI) • Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) • Embryo Transfer (ET) • Genomic Selection (GS) • Ovum Pick Up (OPU) and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) • Semen-Sexing • Cloning

  4. Content Discussing reproductive technologies in the context of animal breeding Genetic gain  Bulls in top lists  Market value

  5. Aim of Biotechnologies • Maximization of genetic gain per time unit selection intensity accuracy genetic variance genetic gain I * rTI * A G = L generation interval

  6. 1st Biotechnology Artificial Insemination (AI) ~ 1950 Use of AI in Germany for preventing the spread of epidemic plagues (e.g. Brucellaabortus) ~1966 Use of AI as a base for progeny testing programs

  7. AI i * rTI * A G = milk recording L PT: production, conformation, fertility,… Progeny testing (PT) program Bull sires Entire population herdbook Male calves Bull dams Test bulls Randommating design ‚waiting‘ bull Bull sires Cow sires

  8. AI milk recording Time consuming and expensive PT: production, conformation, fertility,… PT-Program: Problems Bull sires Entire population herdbook Male calves Bull dams „Manipulation“ due to preferential treatment Test bulls Randommating design ‚waiting‘ bull Bull sires Cow sires

  9. PT-Program: Problems • Ø 0.19 % increase of inbreeding per year • 0.95 % increase of inbreeding per generation (F = 0.0095) • Ne = 52 animals (König and Simianer, 2006)

  10. Johanna Rag Apple Pabst Wisconsin Admiral Burke Lad Pedigree Analysis

  11. No. of AI-stations worldwide (Thibier und Wagner, 2002)

  12. Market share of semen by country (Calculation based on INTERBULL data; N = 11.090.314 foreign daughters; Miglior and Chesnais, 2009)

  13. 2nd Biotechnology Embryo transfer (ET)

  14. MOET-Breeding Programs i * rTI * A G = L Birth Young Bull (YB) and full sibs 1. calf Full sibs EBV 4 years Full sib testing 7 years Progeny testing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 years Birth of daughters Semen production Birth YB 1. calf of daughters EBV

  15. Success of ET (Bosselmann, 2007)

  16. „MOET“ in practice „Ramos“ > 700,000 doses of semen in 40 different countries ET/DT-BP in Osnabrück (Kandzi, 1988)

  17. Relevance of MOET in the genomic era Central test on station for potential Bull Dam (BD)  Not necessary: Because rMG > rTI from own performance (König and Swalve, 2009)

  18. Relevance of MOET in the genomic era • Importance of ET:  Two different opinions • Strategy: Genotyping of BD, producing a high no. of offspring, differentiation among full sib embryos based on GBV • Strategy: 2-pathway-breeding program (König and Swalve, 2009) • Forget the BD and ET, and genotype males calves in a large scale in the population. Why? • Meiosis on the way from cow to calf • Superior especially for new functional traits

  19. Genetic merit, ET, GS PGBV PGBV PI PI PHEN PHEN RND RND HERD HERD EBV PHEN EBV PHEN Ø TBV of 5 selected sires ET Without ET (Wensch et al., 2011)

  20. Market value of ET • Generating of YB from interesting BD for AI-breeding programs • 80% of all AI-sires in Germany are generated from ET! • Elite calves and heifers for sale (elite auction) are generated from ET!

  21. 3rd Biotechnology Ovum Pick Up (OPU) and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Ovum Pick Up (OPU) and In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) 12 follicles at ovary 12 follicles at ovary 10 oocytes flushed 10 oocytes flushed 2-3 blastocytes (embryos) 2-3 blastocytes (embryos) 4-6 embryos / week 4-6 embryos / week 2-3 calves / donor * week 2-3 calves / donor * week

  22. OPU/IVF versus ET OPU/IVF versus ET 1982 Birth of the first OPU / IVF - calf (Bracket et al., „Frosty“) since 1995 Applications of OPU / IVF in the breeding program of ZEH/RPN 1982 Birth of the first OPU / IVF - calf (Bracket et al., „Frosty“) since 1995 Applications of OPU / IVF in the breeding program of ZEH/RPN ET OPU ET OPU ET-flushinjgs / OPU – sessions per year ET-flushinjgs / OPU – sessions per year 2005 1995 1977 1990 (Roschlau, 2005)

  23. Y Y Y Y Y X X X X X X X right Y left 4th Biotechnology Semen Sexing female offspring male offspring

  24. i * rTI * A G = L Semen sexing and Breeding Reduction of „test-inseminations“ of YB in a conventional Breeding Program Young bulls for producing female offspring: reduction of test capacity by 50% Generating of male offspring from the best BD for AI Generating of female offspring from the best Cow Dam within farms: Increasing within-farm selection intensity

  25. Sexed semen: On-farm strategy • Disadvantages • Higher costs • Lower pregnancy rates • Advantages • Female calves (genetic gain) • Improved calving ease,… Economic calculations:  0 My strategy Insemination of heifers: using sexed semen Insemination of cows: using conventional semen „Goldday“

  26. Sexed semen: Market value (Swissgenetics, Toro 07-12)

  27. Starbuck II; geb. 7.9.2000 5th Biotechnology Cloning = Generating of identical copies (apart from cytoplasmatic effects) embryo cloning – adult cloning Copy of an outstanding sire Copy of a great show-cow Lauduc Broker Mandy

  28. i * rTI * A G = L Cloning and breeding Cloning is no instrument for animal breeding, because breeding needs genetic variation, but cloning results in uniform animals!

  29. i * rTI * A 20% G = 10% L 0% Reliability of EBV (h2=0.25) (Slide by A.E. McClintock) 100% Clones 90% 80% Bulls progeny test 70% 60% Reliability 50% 40% 30% Records 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

  30. Market value of clones: Theory • Clone breeding program implies breeding in a nucleus • (Teepker and Smith, 1998; Teepker, 1990) •  Dairy cattle farmers will have access to tested and untested • clones; genetic level in the population could be higher than in • the nucleus (breeding activities only in the nucleus) • Costs for clones (theoretical derivations)(McClintock, 1998; de Boer, 1994) •  15 – 20 Euro for untested clones •  150 – 200 Euro for tested clones

  31. Market value of clones: Practice • Costs for cloning are high (10,000 – 20,000 Euro per cow) • Question: Acceptance of consumers (meat and milk) • Other efficient reproduction technologies exist (AI, ET) • Market value is only given for famous cows or bulls Vandyk-K Integrity Paradise Ex-96-2E Shoremar S Alicia 3E-97 Paradise Clone sells for $50,000 in 2003! „Alicia’s owners sold Alicia’s Clone before it was born for $100,000 in October of 2002“ (Cyagra, Inc. , 197 Bossler Road , Elizabethtown USA) (http://www.cyagra.com)

  32. Final Conclusions AI and GS:substantial impact on genetic gain and market value ET or OPU/IVF: more relevant in the pre-genomic era Semen Sexing: a valuable tool for improving on-farm selection (requires good farm management) Cloning: no breeding, no risk, no fun

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