The Constitution

1. The Constitution Chapter 5 “What led to the creation of the United States Constitution, and what are its key principles?”

3. Why do we need a federal government? • 1. On what occasions, or for what reasons, do people turn to the federal government? • 2. What do people expect the federal government to do to help after natural disasters?

4. A Confederation of StatesSection 1 • What form of national government did the Patriots create initially, and what events revealed that a new government was necessary” • Terms and People: republic Northwest Territory unicameral legislature bicameral legislature Articles of Confederation John Dickinson federal Shays’ Rebellion Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

5. Standards • SSUSH 5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution. • a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government. • b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. • c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers, limited government, and the issue of slavery. • d. Analyze how the Bill of Rights serves as a protector of individual and states’ rights. • e. Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton). • SSUSH 6 The student will analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth in the early decades of the new nation. • a. Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.

6. A Confederation of States Sec 1: A Confederation of States Early State Governments Main Idea: In 1776, each new state created a constitution and called for a republic, or government in which the people elect representatives. However, people thought differently about how to design a republic. Congress Creates the Articles of Confederation Main Idea: In 1777, the Continental Congress drafted the original constitution for the union of the states. This constitution was known as the Articles of Confederation. Congress Creates a Plan for Western Lands Main Idea: The national congress created plans for settling and governing the Northwest Territory. By selling this land to speculators and farmers, the Congress hoped to raise revenues and extend America’s republican society westward. Conflicts With Spain and Britain Main Idea: During the mid-1780s, the Spanish and British did not take the new United States seriously. The Spanish forbade American trade with New Orleans, and Britain rejected Adam Smith’s new doctrine of free trade in favor of traditional mercantilism. Continued…

7. George Washington • After the Revolutionary War ended, Washington gave up command of the army and went home • The years after the American Revolution were difficult due to disorganization and economic and political problems. • Strong state governments versus strong central government? • Nationalists wanted a stronger national government, while other people wanted to block any attempt to form a strong central government.

8. Problems • Wealthy, educated gentlemen felt ordinary citizens had too much power • Economic problems: debt of $50 million, owed by states and national governments • Excessive debt resulted in inflation, heavy taxes on goods going to other states, powerful state legislatures

9. WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

10. Articles of Confederation Government: 1781-1789

11. Early Government • 13 separate states • Confederation: an alliance of separate governments that work together • Democracy: a government by the people • People wanted a republic: a government run by the people through their elected representatives

12. State Constitutions • Republicanism. • Most had strong governors with veto power. • Most had bicameral legislatures. • Property required for voting. • Some had universal white male suffrage. • Most had bills of rights. • Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

13. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the War

14. Occupational Composition of Several State Assembliesin the 1780s

15. FEATURES OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • No Chief Executive • Each state had one vote in Congress • Laws needed approval by 9 of 13 states • Congress did not have the power to tax • Congress could not draft an army • No national court system • Any changes (amendments) to the Articles required a unanimous 13 vote • Congress did not have the power to collect states debt owed to national government • Congress did not have the power to settle disputes among states

16. Analyzing the Articles of Confederation • Why was this included? • Did not want to have another powerful executive like King George • Wanted to protect Individual States power, feared a strong central government • Fear of being unfairly taxed as they had been by the British • Fear of a central government with a strong army that might take away rights • Fear of a central Government with a court system that might be unfair to states • Wanted to make sure states had a strong say in the shaping of our government • Fear of a strong central government that could force states to pay for things they did not want • Wanted states to have ultimate authority in resolving disputes

17. Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation • Created a loose confederation of strong state governments • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Could not tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches.

18. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation QUICK STUDY Quick Study: Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

19. Law passed by Congress that developed a system of dividing the lands northwest of the Ohio River, known as the Northwest Territory It divided the land into 36 square mile townships Each section of a township was 1 square mile or 640 acres and sold for a minimum of $1.00 an acre A typical farm was 160 acres Land Ordinance of 1785

20. Land Ordinance of 1785

21. Settling the Northwest Territory FOCUS ON GEOGRAPHY Focus on Geography: Settling the Northwest Territory

22. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Plan for governing western lands • One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! • Statehood achieved in three stages: • Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. • When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. • When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

23. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • Law that stated how new states would be created out of the territory • Ohio 1803 • Indiana 1816 • Illinois 1818 • Michigan 1837 • Wisconsin 1848 • Congress would appoint a territorial governor and judges • When a territory had 5000 voting residents, they could write a temporary constitution and elect a government • When a territory had 60,000 in population, they could write a state constitution, which had to be approved by Congress

24. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas NOTE TAKING Note Taking: Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas

25. Changing the Government TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Changing the Government

26. Annapolis Convention (1786) • 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] • GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

27. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-1787 • Daniel Shays • Western MA • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

28. Shays’ Rebellion TRANSPARENCY Transparency: Shays’ Rebellion

29. Shays’ Rebellion • To repay war debt, Massachusetts passed highest tax ever to be paid in specie • Specie: gold or silver coin; worth more than paper money • Farmers in western part hit hard as courts seized their possessions • Daniel Shays, war vet, led a rebellion that drove off tax collectors and forced courts to close

30. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-1787

31. Shays’ Rebellion • Fighting broke out, but Congress had no money for an army • The state government finally gathered an army and quieted the rebellion in January 1787 • Demonstrated that rebels would defy any government if it acted against people’s wishes • Many farmers left for Vermont or New York • Shays, sentenced to death, eventually gets freedom

32. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-1787 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington

33. Results of Rebellion • Need to strengthen the national government to avoid civil unrest • May 1787 convention in Philadelphia; 12 states (Rhode Island did not come)

34. Nationalists • Nationalists were men who wanted to strengthen the national government • Washington, Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton were famous nationalists • Believed that America was a model for the world

35. The Case For A New Constitution

36. Constitutional Convention • Philadelphia 1787 - Independence Hall • Heat • Privacy • Rain • opened on May 25, 1787 • “convention of the well bred, well fed, the well read, and the well-wed.” • lawyers, landowners, planters • educated • MIA - Thomas Jefferson and John Adams • James Madison - “Father of the Constitution”

37. The Constitutional Convention • “In 1787, delegates to a convention in Philadelphia created a new plan of government, the Constitution of the United States.”

38. Foundations of the Constitution • League of Iroquois - state governs own affairs but unites for defense • Magna Carta- limit power of governor • Parliament - 1st representative legislature • John Locke- basic human rights protected • Montesquieu - separation of powers

39. Governments after the Revolution

41. PM TRANSPARENCY Progress Monitoring Transparency Progress Monitoring Transparency: Section 1

42. Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799

43. The United States in 1787

44. Drafting the ConstitutionSection 2 • What new system of national government did the delegates agree upon at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? • Terms and People: Alexander Hamilton Great Compromise James Madison federalism Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Three-Fifths Compromise

45. Drafting the Constitution The Constitutional Convention Main Idea: Many Americans believe the Articles of Confederation needed revisions. Consequently, 12 of the 13 states sent delegates to a special convention in Philadelphia in May 1787. The delegates’ goal was to design a new and improved plan of government. Rival Plans of Government Main Idea: Before a constitution could be written and approved, the delegates needed to come to an agreement about what it should contain. To achieve this goal, they advanced and debated a number of proposals for several months, including the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Settling Differences Through Compromise Main Idea: The delegates were far from a unanimous decision concerning a structure of a new government. The Great Compromise, which drew points from both the Virginia and New Jersey plans, outlined a potential solution.

46. Constitutional Convention • First met in Annapolis in 1786 • 55 men met in May 1787 in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation • Every state sent delegates except Rhode Island • George Washington elected president of the Convention • Wrote the U.S. Constitution

47. James Madison • Educated man who studied for a year about how to craft a new government • College of New Jersey (Princeton); shy man • He believed that people are naturally selfish and that man could control himself through a proper government. • He believed that a proper government required a Constitution.

48. Divisions Among Men • Disputes among states and violence such as Shays’ Rebellion raised fears that the fragile nation might collapse • Choice: to amend or revise the Articles of Confederation or to form a new government • James Madison brought a plan with him;

49. Constitutional Convention • Madison had spent a year studying books on history, government, and law • James Madison kept a record of the proceedings. He will become president in 1809. He is known as the “Father of the Constitution.”

50. The Virginia Plan • Edmund Randolph of Virginia; called for a bicameral legislature • The number of representatives would be based on population • Critics of the plan were concerned that a strong President would gain king-like power