1 / 12

An Overview of Mechanics

Mechanics: The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them. Statics: The study of bodies in equilibrium. Dynamics: 1. Kinematics – concerned with the geometric aspects of motion 2. Kinetics - concerned with the forces causing the motion. An Overview of Mechanics.

brian
Download Presentation

An Overview of Mechanics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mechanics: The study of how bodies react to forces acting on them. Statics: The study of bodies in equilibrium. Dynamics: 1. Kinematics – concerned with the geometric aspects of motion 2. Kinetics - concerned with the forces causing the motion An Overview of Mechanics

  2. The displacement of the particle is defined as its change in position. Vector form: r = r’ - r Scalar form: s = s’ - s RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS: CONTINIOUS MOTION (Section 12.2) A particle travels along a straight-line path defined by the coordinate axis s. The position of the particle at any instant, relative to the origin, O, is defined by the position vector r, or the scalar s. Scalar s can be positive or negative. Typical units for r and s are meters (m) or feet (ft). The totaldistancetraveled by the particle, sT, is a positive scalar that represents the total length of the path over which the particle travels.

  3. The average velocity of a particle during a time interval t is vavg = r / t The instantaneous velocity is the time-derivative of position. v = dr / dt Speed is the magnitude of velocity: v = ds / dt VELOCITY Velocity is a measure of the rate of change in the position of a particle. It is a vector quantity (it has both magnitude and direction). The magnitude of the velocity is called speed, with units of m/s or ft/s. Average speed is the total distance traveled divided by elapsed time: (vsp)avg = sT / t

  4. The instantaneous acceleration is the time derivative of velocity. Vector form: a= dv / dt Scalar form: a = dv / dt = d2s / dt2 Acceleration can be positive (speed increasing) or negative (speed decreasing). ACCELERATION Acceleration is the rate of change in the velocity of a particle. It is a vector quantity. Typical units are m/s2 or ft/s2. As the book indicates, the derivative equations for velocity and acceleration can be manipulated to get a ds = v dv

  5. Position: Velocity: v t v s s t ò ò ò ò ò ò = = = dv a dt or v dv a ds ds v dt v o v s s o o o o o SUMMARY OF KINEMATIC RELATIONS: RECTILINEAR MOTION •Differentiate position to get velocity and acceleration. v = ds/dt ; a = dv/dt or a = v dv/ds •Integrate acceleration for velocity and position. • Note that so and vo represent the initial position and velocity of the particle at t = 0.

  6. CONSTANT ACCELERATION The three kinematic equations can be integrated for the special case when accelerationis constant (a = ac) to obtain very useful equations. A common example of constant acceleration is gravity; i.e., a body freely falling toward earth. In this case, ac = g = 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft/s2 downward. These equations are: v t ò ò = = + dv a dt v v a t yields c o c v o o s t ò ò = = + + (1/2) a ds v dt s s v t t yields o o c 2 s o o v s ò ò = = + v dv a ds v (v ) 2a (s - s ) yields 2 2 c o c o v s o o

  7. EXAMPLE Given: A particle travels along a straight line to the right with a velocity of v = ( 4 t – 3 t2 ) m/s where t is in seconds. Also, s = 0 when t = 0. Find: The position and acceleration of the particle when t = 4 s. Plan: Establish the positive coordinate, s, in the direction the particle is traveling. Since the velocity is given as a function of time, take a derivative of it to calculate the acceleration. Conversely, integrate the velocity function to calculate the position.

  8. EXAMPLE (continued) Solution: 1) Take a derivative of the velocity to determine the acceleration. a = dv / dt = d(4 t – 3 t2) / dt =4 – 6 t => a = – 20 m/s2 (or in the  direction) when t = 4 s 2) Calculate the distance traveled in 4s by integrating the velocity using so = 0: v = ds / dt => ds = v dt => => s – so = 2 t2– t3 => s – 0 = 2(4)2– (4)3 => s = – 32 m ( or ) s t ò ò = ds (4 t – 3 t2) dt s o o

  9. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING Given: Ball A is released from rest at a height of 40 ft at the same time that ball B is thrown upward, 5 ft from the ground. The balls pass one another at a height of 20 ft. Find: The speed at which ball B was thrown upward. Plan: Both balls experience a constant downward acceleration of 32.2 ft/s2 due to gravity. Apply the formulas for constant acceleration, with ac = -32.2 ft/s2.

  10. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued) Solution: 1) First consider ball A. With the origin defined at the ground, ball A is released from rest ((vA)o = 0) at a height of 40 ft ((sA )o = 40 ft). Calculate the time required for ball A to drop to 20 ft (sA = 20 ft) using a position equation. sA = (sA )o + (vA)o t + (1/2) ac t2 So, 20 ft = 40 ft + (0)(t) + (1/2)(-32.2)(t2) => t = 1.115 s

  11. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued) Solution: 2) Now consider ball B. It is throw upward from a height of 5 ft ((sB)o = 5 ft). It must reach a height of 20 ft (sB = 20 ft) at the same time ball A reaches this height (t = 1.115 s). Apply the position equation again to ball B using t = 1.115s. sB = (sB)o + (vB)ot + (1/2) ac t2 So, 20 ft = 5 + (vB)o(1.115) + (1/2)(-32.2)(1.115)2 => (vB)o = 31.4 ft/s

  12. End of the Lecture Example 12.1/2/3/4/5 textbook

More Related