BELLWORK

1. BELLWORK Unit 5: Chapters 13-15

2. Jackson, the West, and Manifest Destiny • The reasons for the breakup of the Era of Good Feelings, which culminated in the election of 1828 • Jackson’s “War on the Bank of the United States” • The tariff issue and Calhoun’s ideas on nullification • The growth of sectionalism and the distinguishing features of the three sections—Northeast, South and West • Emerging social concerns and attitudes as exemplified by educational, institutional, and literary developments • The Panic of 1837 and its impact upon the nation • Manifest Destiny and the presidency of James K. Polk • The Mexican War and its aftermath • The spread of slavery to new territories

3. Politicking: political activity; esp., the process of campaigning for support, votes, etc. New forms of politicking emerged in this era, as candidates used banners, badges, parades, barbeques, free drinks and baby kissing to “get out the vote.” Common man: a person who holds no title; a person of no influence. Between 1825-1830, politics moved from the rich southern planters and northern merchants to inclue white males of the lower and middle classes. Voting numbers increased sevenfold in just 16 years, largely due to new state suffrage laws. universal male suffrage: extending the right to vote to all white males regardless of their social class or religion. Political offices could now be held by people in the lower and middle ranks of society. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837

4. Question of the Day The main reason southerners opposed protective tariffs was because    (A)  they supported the concept of free trade    (B)  they worried that tariffs would lead to financial panics    (C)  they believed that tariffs were unconstitutional    (D)  they imported a large amount of manufactured goods    (E)  the Whig Party favored them

5. Answer (D)  they imported a large amount of manufactured goods While the Constitution prevented taxes on exports, tariffs (taxes on goods imported from foreign countries) were allowed and seen by many in the North as a means of protecting and developing American industry. Since very little manufacturing took place in the South and much of the income derived from tariffs seemed to benefit the North, southerners opposed protective tariffs as unnecessary and unfair.

6. “King Caucus”: a closed door meeting of a political party’s leaders in Congress during which candidates for office were nominated; common people had no opportunity to participate. In the 1830s, caucuses were replaced by nominating conventions. The Anti-Masons were the first to hold such a nominating convention. Masons: secret society of men based on the "fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man," using builders' tools as symbols to teach basic moral truths. The purpose of Freemasonry is to enable men to meet in harmony, to promote friendship, and to be charitable. Peggy Eaton: wife of Jackson’s secretary of war, and a target of gossip by the other cabinet wives. She was suspected of being an adulteress, and they refused to invite her to their private parties.

7. Question of the Day Which of the following statements about the election of 1824 is untrue?    (A)   Andrew Jackson responded to the news of John Quincy Adams' victory with grace and a call for patriotic unity     (B)   Adams was elected president by a vote of the House of Representatives    (C)   Henry Clay was appointed Secretary of State, though accused as being part of a "corrupt bargain"    (D)   though he received the most electoral votes, Jackson did not receive the more than half needed to be elected president    (E)   William Crawford finished third in the electoral college voting

8. Answer (A)   Jackson responded to the news of Adams' victory with grace and a call for patriotic unity In an election that marked the demise of the Federalist Party, John Quincy Adams was elected as a National Republican.  Clay was named Secretary of State, infuriating Jackson and his Democratic followers who accused Adams and Clay of engaging in a "corrupt bargain." Jackson  defeated Adams in the election of 1828.

9. Specie Circular: Jackson’s presidential order that required all future purchases of federal lands to be in gold and silver rather than in paper banknotes. Jackson’s policy was in response to the feverish speculation in western lands, and helped lead to the Panic of 1837. Economic depression: depression is characterized by its length, and by abnormal increases in unemployment, falls in the availability of credit, shrinking investment, bankruptcies, reduced amounts of trade and commerce, as well as highly volatile relative currency value fluctuations. Price deflation, financial crisis and bank failures are common elements of a depression Laissez-faire economics:In French, literally means "let the people do as they please“. Means allowing industry to be free of government restriction, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and monopolies.

10. Question of the Day The nullification crisis during the Jackson administration arose over which issue?(A) the re-charter of the U.S. Bank(B) protective tariffs(C) the Maysville Road(D) the Peggy Eaton affair(E) removal of the Cherokee Indians

11. Answer (B) protective tariffs The concept of nullification, that states need not obey federal laws they felt unconstitutional,  emerged first during the Federalist Era in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Tariffs, which are taxes on imports, were seen by many Southerners as benefiting the North while placing a financial burden on Southern citizens, who lacked a significant manufacturing basis and thus had to import more products. South Carolina's legislators, angered by the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, were still unhappy even though the Tariff of 1832 passed by Congress and signed by Jackson, reduced tariff duties. A state convention voted 136-36 that the tariffs were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina. This controversy, which Jackson saw as a challenge to his authority as president, provided states' rights arguments later used in the secession of the South before the Civil War.

12. Thursday Vocabulary “Palmetto State”: South Carolina’s nickname. Palmetto means “little palm” and the coastal areas of SC are marked by their beauty. Nullies: nickname for the nullifiers; those in SC who believed that states had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void (of no effect). compromise: a settlement of differences by mutual concessions; an agreement reached by adjustment of conflicting or opposing claims, principles, etc

13. Question of the Day The 1832 Worcester v. Georgia decision concluded that    (A)  states needed to admit federal troops to collect tariffs    (B)  states could not govern Indian tribes    (C)  the removal of Indians to the trans-Mississippi West was constitutional    (D)  Indians were not citizens    (E)  the Maysville Road veto was unconstitutional

14. Answer (B)  states could not govern Indian tribes The Worcester v. Georgia case concerned missionaries who supported the Cherokee Indians in Georgia and were sentenced to four years of hard labor for refusing to obtain a license required to live in Cherokee territory. The Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community with its own government and that the laws of Georgia had no force. Georgia ignored the ruling and refused to release Worcester from jail. President Andrew Jackson commented "the decision of the supreme court has fell still born, and they find that they cannot coerce Georgia to yield to its mandate." Three years later a group of Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota which was used by the federal government as justification for the removal of the Cherokees beginning in 1836 in what became known as the Trail of Tears.

15. Friday Vocabulary covenants: an agreement, usually formal, between two or more persons to do or not do something specified. Americans routinely violated their own covenants with the Native Americans, erasing and redrawing treaty lines as white settlement pushed west. raucous: rowdy; disorderly. Often used to describe the constituents of “Mischievous Andy” Jackson. doldrums: a state of inactivity or stagnation, as in business or art; a dull, listless, depressed mood; low spirits. The panic of 1837 was a symptom of this financial sickness: land speculation, the Bank War, Specie Circular, failures of wheat crops and the rise of prices and loss of factories all indicated these depression doldrums.

16. Question of the Day Both the "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were concerned with (A)    the Alien and Sedition Acts (B)    tariff policies(C)    the concept of states' rights(D)    the spread of slavery into the territories(E)    the conflict between Andrew Jackson and his first vice-president, John C. Calhoun

17. Answer (C)  the concept of states' rights States' rights is based on the concept of nullification, the idea that a state can choose to disobey a federal law it finds unconstitutional, which was first developed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison during the crisis caused by the passage of the Federalist Party-sponsored Alien and Sedition Acts. John C. Calhoun built on this argument in his "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" in the struggle that developed between South Carolina and the federal government over tariffs and state vs. federal powers. When the southern states seceded to form the Confederacy in 1861, the sentiments of nullification and states' rights provided the ideological framework for the new government.