Notecards

1. Notecards For Islam Research project Jack Stenhouse JSS

2. Source Card • Islamic Architecture • The Art and Architecture of Islam • Architecture of the Islamic World • The Alhambra • World Architecture JSS

3. The Great Mosque of Cordova Source 2S 128 • Most remarkable aspect is the focused interior and many things on the exterior • Ex. Courtyard with orange trees and a portico, 11 ornamented doors • Incorrectly thought to have faced Mecca • By building techniques, clear that not all built at once • Over 4 periods – Abd al – Rahman II, al-Hakam, al-Mansur, many Umayyad princes • Ribbed arches JSS

4. The Al Hambra Source 4S 33-35 • Arabs introduced new architecture and irrigation systems to create lush gardens and airy courtyards • All of these new additions = found in Alhambra • Was a fortified palace • Apartments, colonnades, courtyards, gardens, running water • Islamic achievments can be seen throughout – geometry (shapes) astronomy (murals) JSS

5. Concentration on the Interior Source 3S 10-12 • Muslim house – inner courtyard, high windowless walls, single low door • Houses in close proximity are joined, only access by 1 door • Lack of detail on exterior is hidden by adjacent buildings, cant tell what the building is from the outside • Most striking qualities of Islamic architecture is not seen until entered • Example = Umayyad Mosque in Damascus • Articulate exterior most of the time has nothing to do with the interior • Examples of this are the Al-Aqmar Mosque in Cairo • Enclosed spaces = “Islamic Specialty” – walls, arcades, vaults • All decoration and detail is reserved for the interior • Main purpose is to be the creation of non-tectonic values, contrary to Western architecture • Geometry used in full scale floral patters • Calligraphy for decoration and religious purposes • Example of this is the Al Hambra, not symbolize focus of power, = a maze of rooms, courtyards, passages and corridors, water basins, canals, fountains – most intricate of all Islamic architecture JSS

6. Concentration on the Interior Source 3S 12-14 • All decoration and detail is reserved for the interior • Main purpose is to be the creation of non-tectonic values, contrary to Western architecture • Geometry used in full scale floral patters • Calligraphy for decoration and religious purposes • Example of this is the Al Hambra, not symbolize focus of power, = a maze of rooms, courtyards, passages and corridors, water basins, canals, fountains – most intricate of all Islamic architecture • Different than any other architecture n the world – in ideas and styles JSS

7. Types of Buildings Source 5P 149 The earliest major work of Muslim architecture was undertaken in the lifetime of Muhammad (World Architecture 149). JSS

8. Principal Buildings Source 5Q 149 “The principal architectural types of Islam are the mosque, the tomb, the fort and the palace” (World Architecture 149). JSS

9. Principle Features in the Mosque Source 5S 149 • Mihrab – niche in wall marking direction of Mecca, bands and panels of oranemnts • Minbar – raised pulpit, canopied with a staircase • Koran desk – stone structure supported by pillars, held Koran • Roofed, with arched collnnades • 4 corner minarets • Dome on top JSS

10. Baghdad and its Building History Source 5Q 150 “Baghdad is a city made from scratch, in which influential patterns for later architecture were laid out” (World Architecture 150). JSS

11. Baghdad and its Building History Source 5Q 150 • Thousands of workmen assembled, traced lines in ground with ash • Circular, 2,683 in diameter • 4 gates, named for the provinces in which they faced • Brick walls boned with reed matting were finished in 4 years • At the centre, the mosque and palace were built JSS

12. Ideas on Muslim Architecture Source 3Q 11 “Muslim Architecture is different than any other type in the world, in ideas and styles” (Architecture of the Islamic World 11). JSS

13. Influence in the West Source 1P 45 “Architects from all over the world, including Western Europe traveled to the Muslim lands and returned home, bringing the ideas of the Islamic Architecture back with them” (The Islamic World 45). JSS

14. Gardens Source 1S 46 • In courtyards, plantings along walkways, parks • Used a lot of water – strategically placed to reflect nearby structures • Narrow channels to connect everything • Linear or cross axle • Originated in ancient Rome • Rectangular plot with 2 perpendicular walkways, leading in 4 cardinal directions and intersecting at the center of the garden JSS

15. Gardens Source 1P 46 “Architects used the linear plan in most of the eastern section of the Islamic world, and the cross-axiel plan more commonly in the western part. However people from other places of the world adopted both forms, and some are still used today” (The Islamic World, 46). JSS

16. Umayyads of Spain Source 2Q 131 “The Umayyad caliphate of Spain was the single most powerful cultural centre of Europe” (The Art and Architecture of Islam 131). JSS

17. Spain and Muslim Rule Source 4Q34 “Under Muslim rule, Spain became most tolerant and educated area of Islamic empire” JSS

18. Crucial Changes Source 2P131 • “After 1009, two crucial changes affected the politics of the Muslim West. One was the new Christian expansion of the Reconquista, which moved relentlessly southward from Castille and Aragon, so that by 1260 only a minuscule Muslim kingdom remained in Granada. The other was the shift of Muslim power from small warring feudal lords to newly grown Berber dynasties from Morocco, primarily the Almoravids and the Almohads. “ JSS

19. Structural Innovations Source 2Q 134 “Changes in the construction of arches and in the appearance of domes let to a great increase in the decorative value of both.” JSS

20. Questioning Origins Source 2P 137 The arches and vaults of Cordova are more likely to be local Spanish developments. JSS