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NUTRITION – BASIC CONCEPTS

NUTRITION – BASIC CONCEPTS. Country Strategy Workshop – Juba. Presentation Overview. Malnutrition : simple definition Different forms of u nder-nutrition Chronic under-nutrition (stunting) Acute under-nutrition Underweight ‘Hidden Hunger’ (micronutrient deficiency)

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NUTRITION – BASIC CONCEPTS

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  1. NUTRITION – BASIC CONCEPTS Country Strategy Workshop – Juba.

  2. Presentation Overview • Malnutrition: simple definition • Different forms of under-nutrition • Chronic under-nutrition (stunting) • Acute under-nutrition • Underweight • ‘Hidden Hunger’ (micronutrient deficiency) • Causes of malnutrition: Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual Framework

  3. Malnutrition is … • “…A broad term for a range of conditions that hinder good health, caused by inadequate or unbalanced food intake or from poor absorption of food consumed. • It refers to both under-nutrition (food deprivation) and over-nutrition (excessive food intake in relation to energy requirements).

  4. RISKSof being undernourished Learning difficulties Lowered resistance to disease Poor pregnancy/lactation Increased risk of mortality Reduced ability for physical activity

  5. Chronic under-nutrition Chronic under-nutrition (stunting) is a result of persistent and cumulative effects of inadequate nutritional intake and frequent infections Influenced by maternal nutritional status pre-conception and during pregnancy Most evident between 6 – 12 months of age Shows no more improvement or worsening after 24 months Results in individuals short for their age and sub-optimal function later in life

  6. Acute under-nutrition Acute under-nutrition (wasting) is a result of a severe and often sudden lack of food or illness. Can occur at any stage of the life-cycle but more common in infants & younger children. Easily reversible by correction of the food deficit or treatment of illness Characterised by thinness and/or the severe clinical form of oedema

  7. Acute under-nutrition: Oedema

  8. Underweight Underweight reflects both wasting and stunting Used to monitor/assess child growth in primary health care systems Used to evaluate country progress against the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 i.e. “Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.” Characterised by deficits in weight compared to an individual’s age

  9. Stunting Stunting

  10. Wasting Normal Stunting

  11. ‘Hidden Hunger’ (micronutrient deficiency) ‘Hidden hunger’ (micronutrient deficiency) occurs when people lack one or more essential micronutrients (vitamins & minerals), even if they consume adequate amounts of energy and protein. Deficiency starts “sub-clinically”, before visual presentation: hence ‘hidden’ Iron, Vitamin A, Iodine and (more recently) Zinc deficiencies are of global public health significance Vitamin C, B3 and B1 deficiencies are associated with populations suffering reduced access to a varied diet e.g. IDPs, refugees, etc..

  12. Classification for assessing Severity of Malnutrition by prevalence ranges among Children under 5 years Source: WHO • Simply a starting point for interpretation • Crucial to put results in context of nutritional risks at time of assessment and analyse trends, seasonality, “usually observed” rates, etc..

  13. CAUSES OF MALNUTRITION

  14. EXPOSURE TO SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Food and Nutrition Security Conceptual Framework Individual level Nutrition Status/ Mortality Individual Food Intake Health Status/ Disease HH level Livelihood Outcomes Livelihood Strategies Household access To Food Social and Care Environment Access to Health Care & Health Environment Context Food Availability/ Markets Political, Economical, Institutional, Security, Social, Cultural, Gender, Environment Agro-ecological Conditions/ Climate (change) HH Food Production, Income Generating Activities, Exchange, Loans, Savings, Transfers Natural Physical Human Economic Social Capital/Assets Community HH level Livelihood Assets Adapted from UNICEF (1990)

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