abuse and neglect

1. Human Ethology As Anthropology: a holistic understanding (to understand we use four lines of evidence): (1) Developmental (socialization) Sleep One third of our lives spent doing it! human Cross-cultural (range of variability, role of social valaues) (2) Evolutionary Origins, Function, Reconstruction abuseand neglect (3) Cross-species

2. Sleep • What is it? What Does It Look Like? • Do other animals sleep? • How does it function? Why did it evolve? • What happens when we sleep? Measurement? • How does it change with age and with each culture? • What contributions does culture make to how we think about it, interpret and evaluate sleep? How does sleep develop? Infant sleep vs. adult sleep?

3. Human Ethology Lines of Evidence What causes sleep? How does it develop? How does it function? How did it evolve?

4. What is sleep? • A state of (1) sustained immobility or quiescence in a (2) characteristic posture accompanied by (3) reduced responsivity to external stimuli; • Immobility need not be absolute as dolphins, seals and whales may float or swim while asleep…most sleep with eyes closed but not all; • Cattle may sleep with eyes open..horses and elephants sleep while standing…

5. Recognizing sleep: behavioral criteria • Behavioral inactivity; • A characteristic sleep posture • Decreased responsiveness to stimulation • A rapid return to waking with moderate stimulation

6. Proximate Explanation: Because we begin to “feel” tired..melatonin  Need to consolidate energy and experiences; Need to avoid predators; Need to restore body cells and promote protein anabolism; Maintain hormonal secretions, immune function Ultimate Explanation sustains our ability to reproduce successfully, by maintaining good health Why Do We Sleep?

7. What happens when falling asleep--transition to Stage 1 • Body temperature drops; • Slow rolling eye movements; • Alpha rhythm ((8-13 cycles per second) • Heart rate slows; • Relatively low voltage, mixed frequencies.(vertex sharp waves) • Myoclonus jerk? • Sensitive to external stimuli--dreamlike thoughts

8. Circadian rhythm Refers to circa=approximately and dias=day

9. What’sthe Endocrine System? A collection of glands that secrete hormones in order to regulate functions within the body.

10. Environmental cues: activity and rest =growth, maintenance, hormonal fluctuations.too • Earths rotation--light-dark cycle, on 24-hour circadian system. Activity-non-activity (circadian rhythms) can be further subdivided up into smaller time activity-rest units,called, ultradian cycles • As wakefulness (alert), stage 1 sleep, stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4 (Non-Rem) and Rem (rapid eye movement sleep), also called active of paradoxical sleep.

11. About life, students…. • Its about circles..i.e. cycles…all the way down…we live inside of circular space.. • cycles within cycles within cycles… • as in life cycle..sleep cycles, menstrual cycles, hormonal cycles..time cycles..midnight • (when and where morning and night are simultaneously one, a beginning and an end at the same instant.. Where beginning and ending is the same, is it Friday or Saturday

12. Light cues24 hoursActive vs. Rest What is “sleep architecture” (Awake/sleep) drowsy, stage 1,stage 2, stage 3. Stage 4, REM, drowsy Awake/sleep

13. Studying The Physiology and Nighttime Behavior of Breastfeeding Human Mother-Infant Pairs Conversing with data across discipline cultures: polysomnography Why was the first ever physiological study of mothers and infants co-sleeping completed by a biological anthropologist ?

14. Polysomnography (tracings)

15. Sometimes babies sleep in mother-baby sleep laboratories

17. Sleep Laboratory Lounge

18. Nighttime Sleep Studied From a New Bio-cultural Perspective • Solitary infant turns prone-face down; • Educated nurse wraps up baby; • Clinically depressed teen; • Breastfeeding moms • Increased sensitivity

19. Environmental cues (zeitgebers) and selective pressures determine how and when animals sleep • Dolphins, whales, porpoises need brain awake to monitor breathing and to detect danger. Experience “unihemispheric” synchronization--one half of brain exhibits synchronous EEG, the other dysynchronous--that is, one half of the brain is awake the other, asleep.

20. Reptile Species • Crocodiles an alligators rest-activity brain waves are temperature dependent… • Lizards and snakes--eye tissues reflect some REM-like movement but it remains questionable; • Turtles and tortoises--somewhat likely as EEG spikes correlate with arousal from sleep in some species

21. Reptiles? Crocodiles, Alligators, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises • Meet behavioral criteria • Different electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns during behavioral sleep • High amplitude spike potential --but, recall, reptiles lack human neocortex that generates slow- wave sleep..(but is present in mammals in certain subcortical areas)

22. Sleep Position? Locale? • Bats and sloths sleep upside down, hanging by their feet; • Belly, side, haunches, or back-…all positions?..depending on anatomy and environmental pressures, • “Type” of predator can determine sleep locale cave, crevice, tree, nest, or whether animals sleep together for protection in herds (giraffe,antelope, wildebeast, many primates)

24. What Co-sleeping Looks Like Koala Maori, New Zealand napping desert Aborigine recliner co-sleeping (unsafe)

25. Diversity of Co-sleeping(requires taxonomic distinctions) partial, mixed Co-bedding twins (within sensory range) bedsharing with Dad

26. Oh, But let’s not forget the Dads.

28. Ventral-Ventral mother-infant contact: is not an example of unsafe sleep Courtesy of Dr. Helen Ball

29. …Solitary Sleep

30. What is REM sleep? • Rapid eye movement..during a sleep period (eyes dart from right to left) stimulates occular muscles; • Called “active sleep” or “paradoxical sleep”; • Respiration is irregular, heart rate is generally faster, blood pressure is higher…brain waves fast and shorter; • Dreaming occurs;

31. REM (not just a rock group) • REM contributes (makes possible) metabolic homeostasis; • Deprivation experiments on rats reveal: • Deprivation of REM leads to eating more, but losing weight, loss of control of body temperature • Death ensued in 30 days

32. Function of REM? • Exercise brain cells (neurons) for memory consolidation, cognition • Oxygenate and distribute nutrients to body organs and muscles; • Metabolic homeostasis: temperature, cortisol, prolactin, melatonin release, human growth hormone?

34. During REM, atonia occurs • During REM • Inhibitory neurons release glycine on surface of motoneurons; • Creates a form of electrical polarization, preventing the discharge of large muscle sets involved in locomotion, prevents them from discharging; • Prevents acting out dreams..this is called atonia

35. Across Cultures the meaning and function of dreams vary: Dreams Real acts performed elsewhere in time and space-deja vu- ?…considered channels of communication; shamans learn how to control events and disease; in some cultures both spaces..”real an imaginary” are distinct but both considered..real..:

36. Dreams…. • A dream takes place in a subjective space, different from the space of walking life; • The relationship between these two spaces is not the same from one culture to another… • For Ojibwa Indians..dreams are another way of acting in “life space”..having visited a spot in one’s dream… • BUT..no culture confuses dreams with waking reality, or fails to make a distinction..

37. Culturally specific.. Content? Direct? Indirect? Creativity: Dr.Jeckll and Mr. Hyde (Robert Louis Stevenson) Samuel Taylor Cooleridge: Fell asleep in 1797--dreamed 200 lines of one of his finest poems: Kubla Khan

38. Dreams • Dreams discussed by Greek philosophers…Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle..sleeping in certain temples provided access to dreams..special cures ..special knowledge.. • Aristotle: attributed dreams to “residual sensory impressions”..to a persons past..presented without controlling emotional senses..in present..butnot access to power

39. What kind of genetic trait underlies human sleep? • Polygenetic--gene complexes? • Facultative? • Obligative? • How “labile” is our need for sleep?

40. Opossum (18) Bat (19) Mole (8.5) Baboon (9.5) Humans (8?) Rabbit (8) Hamster (14) Rat (13) Giraffe (2) Horse (3) Dog (10) Seal (6) Dolphin (10) Cat (12) Squirrel (16) *70% of all sleep is NREM..Rem varies from 30 min. for Giraffe to 5 hours for opossum Daily Sleep Quotas of Various Mammalian Species (in Hours)

41. Baboons-3 -4 naps? Rabbits-evenly distributed. light/dark Rodents: Gerbil, guinea pig (all day, short sleep periods); Cat (domestic) 12/15 cats nocturnal--2 sleep periods during night, most sleep periods during day; Dogs--polyphasic--with emphasis of sleep at night; Horses --polyphasic--3-16 sleep bouts per day; Goats 0-6 sleep episodes per 12 hour period (polyphasic); Thompson’s gazelle--mostly night--3-6 during day; Polyphasic Species

42. Most vulnerable mammals? Wake up frequently, must remain vigilant..to predation Or must be alert to other environmental dangers (dolphins and sharp rocks and reefs)

43. Is napping one variant of “polyphasic sleep”--an evolutionary human relic? What are the different trade-offs related to survival-for different sleep lengths at different times? How do naps and sleep patterns vary according to: Activity patterns (diurnal, nocturnal, split)? Carnivores vs herbivores Habitats: secure, insecure, terrestrial, aquatic, avian? Relevance of Napping Across Species

44. What Kind of Sleep Pattern Do Humans Exhibit? Monophasic? Biphasic Polyphasic?

45. The concept of…the “Sleep debt” “The brain keeps an exact accounting of how much sleep it is owed!” William Dement: “The Promise of Sleep”

46. Sleep Disorders • Restless leg syndrome--about 10% population: • Insomnia--not sleeping; • Parasomnias--not staying asleep for desired length • Introduce “die model” (western societies)..a problem?

47. Surprisingly common: 25% of four year olds, 10% of 8 year olds, 1% 18 year olds; Not a disease but a symptom..delayed maturity, insecurities; rule out: diabetes, cerebral palsy, chronic urinary tract infections; sleep apneas occurs in any stage of sleep; Behavior modification (75% cured) Imipramine and /or demopressin acetate (DDAVP)--as a nasal spray; patience and tolerance Primary or Secondary Enuresis (bedwetting)

48. Sleep disorders • Apneas (without breadth) can be divided into two types • obstructive and central apneas • Obstructive apneas afflict 50 million Americans, 20% of which have serious disorders--increases blood pressure and increases coronary build-up--can induce heart attacks.. • snoring heavily is one symptom, but daytime sleepiness is the single most important clue

49. Reducing apneas---- “CPAP” continuous positive airway pressure

50. Sleep Disorders • Somnambulism…sleepwalking • 40% of children will have an episode, peaking at between 11-12 years of age; • Can be induced if arouse children during NREM; • associated with complete amnesia, • Occurs within 2 hours of falling asleep.. EEG..reveals both waking and sleep signals. Considered benign.