Authors: Patrick Mawadri , Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko .

1. Cryptosporidiosis in Dogs in Kampala: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors and Public Health Implication Authors: Patrick Mawadri, Eddie Ekakoro and Patrick Vudriko.

2. CONTENT • Introduction • Methodology • Results and Discussion • Conclusions and recommendations

3. Introduction • Cryptosporidiosis is an important Zoonotic disease occuring in over 170 different hosts species, caused by opportunistic protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium

4. Introduction cont’ • It presents a global health problem due to its zoonotic nature and waterborne and food borne transmissions, (Graczyk et al., 1997) • Cryptosporidiosis is most severe in immuno-compromised individuals where it presents with chronic debilitating diarrhea and death terminally (Dubey and Greene, 2006; Katagiri and Oliveira, 2008).

5. Introduction cont’ • The most important sources for human infection are; • contaminated drinking and recreational water, • food, • HOUSEHOLD ANIMALS • infected people (Dillingham et al., 2002).

6. Stray and domesticated dogs in many countries worldwide harbor Cryptosporidium (Ministerio etal., 2004).

7. Introduction cont’ Developing countries Urban areas Close proximity to dogs Increased risk of D’se transmission (Traub et al., 2005) Lack of zoonotic awareness

8. Introduction cont’ • The Cryptosporidium species associated with canines include; • Cryptosporidium parvum, • C. canis, and • C. muris (Franco et al., 2001). • Human Cryptosporidiosis is caused by; • Cryptosporidium parvum, • C. hominis, • C. suis, • C. canis, • C. felis, • C. meleagridis and • C. muris (Caccio et al, 2005; Xiaoand Ryan, 2004).

9. Introduction cont’ • Though; • Small Animal Clinicians in Uganda have associated some cases of gastro-enteritis in dogs to Cryptosporidiosis, and • Sporadic cases of Cryptosporidiosis have been diagnosed in CDL of CoVAB in MAK, • No information about the prevalence

10. Introduction cont’ • Thus, this research was aimed at studying the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs and the associated risk factors

11. Materials and Methods • Study area: Kampala; 3 Vet Clinics (CoVAB Clinic, KVS and Vetlove) • Study population: Dogs brought from within Kampala for treatment in the 3 Clinics • Sample size determination: • 100 dogs were sampled • N=1.962Pexp(1- Pexp)/d2 (Thrushfield et al., 2001), was used • Pexp=5% (Fontanarrosa et al., 2006)

12. Materials and Methods cont’ • Data Collection method: • Questionnaires • Faecal samples • Faecal sample analysis method: • Zeihl-Nelseen staining technique • Data Management and Statistical Analysis: • The data coded and entered in to Microsoft Excel. • Analyzed using STATA version 11.2. • Numerical summaries, graphs and Pie Charts were obtained.

13. Materials and Methods cont’

14. Results and Discussion

15. Results and Discussion cont’ Even within the same species, the prevalence of cryptosporidium varies with method of diagnosis used as well as geographical location (Hammneset al., 2007).

16. Results and Discussion cont’

18. Results and Discussion cont’ • Mosallanejad et al. (2010) reported that cryptosporidium infection was not significant between different age groups. • However, Fontanarrosa et al. (2006), Hamnes et al. (2007) and Papazahariadou etal. (2007), in contrast reported the highest level of prevalence in dogs <6-month-old, and declining with age.

20. Results and Discussion cont’ Access to outside environment • Dogs that roam have more chances of picking up such oocysts from the environment and thus acquiring the infection.

21. Results and Discussion cont’ • This implies that the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis would be even higher in stray and semi-domesticated dogs. • This could also explain the higher prevalence found in sniffer dogs than in dogs for other purposes

22. Results and Discussion cont’ Level of zoonotic awareness

23. Results and Discussion cont’ • The level of awareness is thus suspected to be even lower for owners of semi-domesticated dogs in Kampala and for dog owners in rural areas in Uganda.

24. Results and Discussion cont’ Factors predisposing humans to the infections from dogs

25. Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion: • The prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in dogs in Kampala is 36%. • Allowing dogs access to environments outside homesteads predisposes them to Cryptosporidiosis

26. Conclusion cont’ • Forty two percent (42%) of dog owners in Kampala are not sure about possibility of acquiring the parasite from their dog.

27. Conclusion cont’ • The predisposing factors for humans include: • Grooming and cleaning dog kennels without hand gloves, and • Allowing an infected dog to sleep or stay in the living room.

28. Recommendations • Dog owners should be more vigilant and undertake measures such as regular examination of their dogs for Cryptosporidium infection to prevent humans from acquiring the disease

29. Recommendations cont’ • A parallel epidemiological study on “Crypto” that includes dogs and humans together, esp. HIV/AIDS patients • A study on the prevalence of “Crypto” in stray and semi-domesticated dogs and cats

30. THANK YOU