Biology Essentials for High School Graduation: Science Review by Mrs. Kirby

1. Cells Georgia High School Graduation Test: Science Review Mrs. Kirby

2. Introduction • From the key vocabulary, circle the words that you can already define or use in a sentence. • Write down two or three things that you think are important for you to know today.

3. What is biology? • The study of living things • What is considered living? • anything that has the ability to nourish, grow, and reproduce • cells must be present

4. Cell Theory • The cell is considered the basic unit of life. • All living things contain at least one cell. • Cells come from pre-existing cells.

5. Sample Question • What structures can be identified in a typical animal or plant cell?

6. PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL Plant Cells versus Animal Cells

7. PLANT CELLS cell wall (provides structure) chloroplast (location of photosynthesis/ energy production) ANIMAL CELLS centrioles (responsible for cell reproduction) Plant Cells versus Animal Cells

8. Organelles Common to Both

9. Cell Organelles, continued

10. Sample Question • Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

11. Prokaryotes“Pro-No” • No true nucleus • No membrane-bound organelles • No well-organized membrane

12. Prokaryotes“Pro-No” • All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are prokaryotes • Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera)

13. Eukaryotes“Eu-True” • True nucleus • Well organized membrane • Membrane – bound organelles

14. Eukaryotes“Eu-True” • Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms

15. Sample Question • Compare and contrast active and passive transport in at least 4 ways.

16. ACTIVE TRANSPORT requires energy (low concentration to high) endocytosis and exocytosis active transport (ATP is used) PASSIVE TRANSPORT diffusion (particles from high concentration to low) osmosis (water from high concentration to low) facilitated transport (diffusion using a membrane protein) Active versus Passive Transport

17. Sample Question • Define each of the following: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

18. Organic Compounds

19. Sample Question • Describe the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis.

20. Homeostasis • The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally • example: body temperature

21. Cell Membrane and Homeostasis • utilizes active and passive transport • diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

22. Hydrophobic “water-fearing” outside of cell Hydrophilic “water-loving” inside of cell Hydrophobic versus Hydrophilic

23. Discussion • If the cell were a community, what components would a cell have to have to function as a community? (boundaries—political, transportation, energy source)

24. Lesson Summarized • Write a sentence that explains the system discussed. • Draw a graphic organizer that shows the relationship of the cell parts to the whole cell.

25. Short Quiz Answers • A cell provides structure and function for an organism. Cells are the “building blocks” of life. • Energy is produced in the mitochondria of cells. • The cell membrane consists of a double layer of lipids and phosphate groups (a phospholipid bilayer). Because water is polar and lipids are non-polar, the cell does not dissolve in water. • Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a balanced and constant environment. • Pro-no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and Eu-true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles