History of Biological Diversity

1. History of Biological Diversity Unit 4

2. Primate Evolution Chapter 16

3. 16.1 Primates Main Idea • Primates share several behavioral & biological characteristics indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor.

4. 16.2 Hominoids to Hominins Main Idea • Hominoids evolved into hominins likely in response to climate changes of the Miocene.

5. 16.3 Human Ancestry Main Idea • Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo is important if we are to understand humans, the only living species of Homo.

6. Organizing Life’s Diversity Chapter 17 Big Idea: Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.

7. 17.1 The History of Classification Main Idea • Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

8. Early Systems of Classification • Aristotle’s System (394-322B.C.)

9. Early Systems of Classification • Linnaeus’s System (1707-1778) • Taxonomy • Binomial Nomenclature Bird of prey Perching bird Wading bird

10. Early Systems of Classification • Binomial Nomenclature • Genus name • Species name Cardinaliscardinalis C. cardinalis

11. Early Systems of Classification • Modern Classification Systems

12. Taxonomic Categories Ursidae Ursusamericanus American black bear Melursusursinus Sloth bear Ursusthibetanus Asiatic black bear

13. Taxonomic Categories Carnivora UrsidaeUrsusamericanus American black bear CanidaeCanis lupus Pitbull FelidaePanthera Leo Lion

14. Taxonomic Categories

15. Systematics Applications • Dichotomous Key

17. 17.1 Vocabulary • Binomial Nomenclature • Class • Classification • Division • Domain • Family • Genus • Kingdom • Order • Phylum • Taxon • Taxonomy

18. 17.1 Key Concepts • Aristotle developed the 1st widely accepted biological classification system • Linnaeus used morphology & behavior to classify plants & animals. • Binomial nomenclature uses Latin genus & specific name to give an organism a scientific name. • Organisms are classified according to a nested hierarchical system

19. 17.2 Modern Classification Main Idea • Classification systems have changed over time as information has increased.

20. Determining Species • Typological Species Concept • types that have characteristics or traits in common different? Common Goldfish Fancy Goldfish

21. Determining Species • Biological Species Concept • Interbreed • Fertile Offspring • Zorse = Sterile • Phylogenetic Species Concept • Evolutionary History

22. Determining Species

23. Characters • Morphological Characters • Biochemical Characters

24. Phylogenetic Reconstruction • Character Types • Ancestral • Derived

25. Phylogenetic Reconstruction • Cladograms

26. 17.2 Vocabulary • Character • Cladistics • Cladogram • Molecular Clock • Phylogeny

27. 17.2 Key Concepts • The definition of species has changed over time. • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species, evidence for which comes from a variety of studies. • A molecular clock uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny & rate of evolutionary change. • Cladistic analysis models evolutionary relationships based on sequencing derived characters.

28. 17.3 Domains & Kingdoms Main Idea • The most widely used biological classification system has 6 kingdoms within 3 domains.

30. Grouping Species • 3 Domains • Prokaryote versus Eukaryote • 6 Kingdoms

31. Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Protista • Algae, Protozoans, Euglenoids • Kingdom Fungi

32. Domain Eukarya • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

33. 17.3 Vocabulary • Archaea • Eubacteria • Fungus • Protist

34. 17.3 Key Concepts • Domains Bacteria & Archaea contain prokaryotes. • Organisms are classified at the kingdom level based on cell type, structures, & nutrition. • Domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes. • Because viruses are not living, they are not included in the biological classification system.