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Ch. 15: Origins of Biological Diversity

Ch. 15: Origins of Biological Diversity. Taxonomy. Branch of biology involving the identification, naming, and classification of species. Common names are confusing. i.e. crayfish, catfish, silverfish

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Ch. 15: Origins of Biological Diversity

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  1. Ch. 15: Origins of Biological Diversity

  2. Taxonomy • Branch of biology involving the identification, naming, and classification of species. • Common names are confusing. • i.e. crayfish, catfish, silverfish • To reduce confusion in discussing organisms, we assign a universal scientific name to each organism.

  3. Biological Classification • Kingdom-- broadest • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species– most specific • “King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti”

  4. 5- Kingdom Scheme • PROKARYOTES- no nucleus or organelles • 1)Monera- bacteria • EUKARYOTES- nucleus & organelles • 2) Fungi • 3) Plants • 4) Animals • 5) Protists- amoebas (most are unicellular)

  5. Linnaean System of Classification • Carolus Linneaus (1700’s) came up with a way to name organisms • Binomial system • 1st part: genus • 2nd part: species • i.e. Homo sapien

  6. PHYLOGENIC TREE- diagram that reflects such hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. Homologous structures one of the best ways to assess how closely organisms are related. Phylogenic Tree

  7. Homologous structures (review) p. 343-344

  8. A Closer Look at Phylogenic Trees

  9. Each evolutionary branch in a phylogenic tree. Identify the 5 clades here. Which letter is the common ancestor? All organisms of a clade must share homologous structures that don’t occur outside the clade. Clade

  10. Derived Character • A characteristic that arises as a lineage of organisms evolves over time. • Unites organisms as a clade.

  11. Cladogram • A phylogenic diagram that specifies the derived characters of clades.

  12. Cladistics Review • 1. Does a turtle have a backbone? • 2. Which character evolved first- the backbone or hair? Explain. • 3. What is the main difference that separates leopards from house cats?

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