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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD It contains both the ECF and the ICF

BLOOD. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD It contains both the ECF and the ICF It is contained in a closed circulatory system Avg. adult: 7-9% total body weight Avg. man: 5-6 liters woman: 4-5 liters Viscosity: 3.5-5.5 vs. 1.0 for water Specific gravity: 1.045-1.065 pH 7.35-7.45

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PROPERTIES OF BLOOD It contains both the ECF and the ICF

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  1. BLOOD PROPERTIES OF BLOOD • It contains both the ECF and the ICF • It is contained in a closedcirculatory system • Avg. adult: 7-9% total body weight • Avg. man: 5-6 liters woman: 4-5 liters • Viscosity: 3.5-5.5 vs. 1.0 for water • Specific gravity: 1.045-1.065 • pH 7.35-7.45 • Temperature: ~38°C

  2. SERUM: Plasma without fibrinogen

  3. Human Blood Groups • There are over 30 common red blood cell antigens • One most important blood grouping is based on the presence of glycoprotein on RBC surface. This protein is classified as A or B based on the composition. • The other most important grouping is based on Rh blood group antigens. Rh antigens is named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D). Rh name from rhesus monkey because they were used to make the original antiserum for typing blood sample

  4. ABO blood grouping is because of the multiple alleles i.e., encoded by the Genes which have more than two forms of a genes • ABO blood grouping discovered by Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna in 1900 • Landsteiner was trying to learn why blood transfusions sometimes cause death and at other times saved the patient • Three different alleles exist: IA IB O • Even though there are 3 alleles, each individual only carries 2 alleles for blood type in their DNA • IA = production of A antigen-dominant allele • IB= production of B antigen-dominant allele • O = no antigen produced-recessive allele • IAand IBare codominant as both are expressed in heterozygotes • Four phenotypes (four blood types): A, B, AB, O

  5. For a blood transfusion to be successful, the antigens of the red blood cells of the donor must match the antibodies of the recipient. • If the donor blood type is incompatible with the blood type of the recipient, the antibodies cause the antigens to agglutinate, or clump, which may be lethal • Who is the Universal Donor? Why? • Type O blood because it has no surface antigens. • Who is the Universal Recipient? Why? • Type AB blood because that person has both surface antigens. • What happens if a person with type B blood receives type A blood? • Body will reject it because it treats it as foreign. The body makes antibodies to fight against the foreign blood making it clump.

  6. Mother-fetus incompatablity Erythoblastosis fetalis • Mother is Rh-, father is Rh+. If child is Rh+, there is a chance that mother’s body will create antibodies against baby’s blood • Condition more common with second Rh+ birth • Baby can be born with jaundice or with severe anemia because RBC’s have clumped and are inactive

  7. COMMON BODY FLUID DISTURBANCES:

  8. COMMON BODY FLUID DISTURBANCES: For example, hypo-osmotic expansion means the osmolality is reduced and the ECF volume has increased.  Therefore you can immediately predict the changes in the EC fluid based on the words used to describe the clinical condition. Also note that shifts in osmolarity are always in the same direction. This is because the EC and IC compartments are always in osmotic equilibrium.  Focusing on the name of the disturbance thus gives you three of the four changes listed in the table.   The fourth column is also easy to derive:  Since the number of dissolved particles in the intracellular compartment is fixed (they don't cross the cell membrane), the only way for IC osmolarity to change transiently is by the addition or subtraction of water.   If the osmolarity decreases, then the volume must go up.  Note that in the chart below, the IC volume arrows are always opposite those for the IC osmolarity.

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