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The "Sick Man of Europe" 1600s - 1923

The "Sick Man of Europe" 1600s - 1923. Mr. Kurtis D. Werner. The Gradual Loss of Territory: 18c & 19c. The Decline of the Empire: 18c. Crimean War: 1854-1856. The “Sick Man of Europe”!. The Ottoman Empire in 1914. Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909. The Last Ottoman Emperor!.

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The "Sick Man of Europe" 1600s - 1923

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  1. The "Sick Man of Europe" 1600s - 1923 Mr. Kurtis D. Werner

  2. The Gradual Loss of Territory: 18c & 19c

  3. The Decline of the Empire: 18c

  4. Crimean War: 1854-1856 The “Sick Man of Europe”!

  5. The Ottoman Empire in 1914

  6. Sultan Abdul Hamid II: 1876-1909 The Last Ottoman Emperor!

  7. The Young Turks Revolt: 1908 • Progressive Individuals who wanted to rid the Empire of the Sultan and introduce reform • Enver Pasha • Minister of War • Ottoman Commander- in-Chief • Mehmet Talaat • Grand Vizier, 1917-1918

  8. The Young Turks Program • Pushed for reforms  basic democratic rights: • freedom of speech. • freedom of assembly. • freedom of the press. • Problem of nationalism within (heterogeneous empire).

  9. T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935] • “Lawrence of Arabia,”The Legend Begins

  10. The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

  11. The Allied Advance Against the Ottoman Turks Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

  12. The British & Arab Armies Meet British Forces Lawrence & Faisal’s Forces

  13. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians • 1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

  14. Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

  15. World War I Alliances: 1914-1918

  16. Two Armed Camps Allied Powers: Central Powers:

  17. Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

  18. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) “Father Turk” • Republican People’s Party Goals: • republicanism (National Assembly). • nationalism (“Turkification”). • populism (for the benefit of the people). • statism (state-controlled economy). • secularism (free from religious control). • reformism. • 1924  abolished the caliphate.

  19. Atatürk’s Reforms • “Turkify” the Islamic faith • Translate the Qur’an into Turkish. • Secular education. • Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished. • Sharia courts closed  newsecular courts. • Western-style clothing • Forbid the wearing of the fez  • Western-style men’s suits. • Attacked the veiling of women.

  20. Atatürk’s Reforms • Language Reform: • Roman alphabet replaced theArabic script. • Literacy in new alphabet required for government positions. • State Socialism: • State banks established to finance government-controlled businesses. • 5. Adoption of a Surname

  21. Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 Modern Turkey Is Born.

  22. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! • First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908. • Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia. • Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British. • Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914. • In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

  23. Oil Becomes the New International“Coin of the Realm!” • American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929. • In 1933, American oil companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia. • ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

  24. Rezah Khan (1877-1944) • an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921. • declared himself SHAH in1925. • created the Pahlavi Dynasty. • ruled from 1925-1941. • initiated some modern reforms. • forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

  25. Reforms in Iran • Secularization  seizure of religious lands. • Adoption of the French civilcode. • Built the Trans-IranianRailroad. • Improved education.

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