Welcome to Psychology

1. Welcome to Psychology

2. 1.1 Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides tools to help us gain insight into our own behavior, as well as our relationships with others. Definition of Psychology: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

3. Psychological Needs are things like love, comfort, security • Physiological Needs are physical Needs are things you have to have like food, water, sleep.

4. 4 Goals of Psychology: • 1. Description • 2. Explanation • 3. Prediction • 4. Influence

5. 1. Description Learning about psychology can help you gain… • a better understanding of your own behavior. • knowledge about how psychologists study human and animal behavior. • practical applications for enriching your life. fotosearch.com Example: The child throws a fit every time he goes to Wal-Mart and his mom says no by the candy aisle.

6. 2. Explanation Psychology is Empiricalthat means information is obtained through observation and experimentation not common sense or guessing. moisiadis.com

7. By accumulating knowledge we are able to predict what people or animals will do or think in certain situations and predict future behaviors. 3. Prediction

8. 4. Influence • Scientist seek to influence behavior in helpful ways. knychfamily.blogspot.com Chains like Wal-mart have done these scientific observations and place candy as you check out because when your kid is screaming sometimes it is easier to just buy the candy bar.

9. There are two types of science that influences psychology.

10. Last point: Psychology is a behavioral science. Psychologists rely on the scientific method to obtain their data.

11. Empirical Science • The scientific method is used to reduce errors and biases. • A theory is a proposed explanation. In Psychology we will be studying different theories. • Hypothesis is an educated guess.

12. Pseudoscience • Greek for “False Science” Examples: Horoscopes, Astrology, Phrenology 24medialabs.com scienceandsociety.emory.edu

13. Chapter 1.2: History of Psychology Aristotle (384-322 BCE.) Started asking how the mind and the body were related?? Were the separate or related?? • Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? en.wikipedia.org The Greeks

14. Rene Descartes “I think therefore I am” • Pioneer philosopher. He was brilliant. Descartes also made great strides in geometry. Great scientific mind, was asked and asked again by the Queen Christinia of Sweden to come teach her philosophy. He forcibly went and caught ammonia while waiting for her and died. plato.stanford.edu

15. Dualism: the concept of the mind and body are separate and distinct. Descartes held that, unlike humans, animals could be reductively explained as automata – De homines 1622) Rene Descartes' Illustration of inputs passed on by the sensory organs to the epiphysis in the brain and from there to the immaterial spirit.

16. Dualism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEr8hnvzeHU

17. Foundations of Modern Psychology • Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Theory of natural selection (1859) • Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry

18. Okay Psychology is going to go through a transition. It actually goes through several transitions to brace for the ride. (Epcot)

19. Who’s Your Daddy??? Wilhelm Wundt is the father of Psychology 3 Things you need to remember about your daddy: 1. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Germany. 2. Changed psychology from a philosophy to a science. 3. Studied introspection. Introspection means looking within yourself. How do you feel about this or that. How does that rose make you feel?

20. Structuralism vs. Broke down consciousness to basic thoughts. Introspection - self-observation of one’s own conscious experiences Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings) Environment William James (1842-1910)

21. William James What you have two daddies? Yes, one is your American Daddy. Known as the Father of American Psychology. You also need to know he wrote the 1st Psychology Book.

22. Phrenology Phrenology led scientists to study the bumps on the head to determine human behavior Phrenology is considered a pseudoscience (False Science) sparkmuseum.com

23. Inherited Traits • Sir Francis Galton said that heredity influences a person’s abilities, character, and behavior. For example, if your parents are mentally challenged then you should be sterilized so that you don’t have mentally challenged children. indyweek.com His cousin was Charles Darwin, began eugenics movement.

24. Gestalt Psychology “The whole is different than the sum of its parts.” Max Wertheimer (1880-1943) alexbinetti.wordpress.com

25. Can you read this? This is bcuseae the huammnmniddeos not raederveylteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe. Amzanig, huh?

26. What is it?? We like to fill in the gaps so that we see objects as wholes.

27. New TransitionContemporary Approaches:These are the ones we will use the rest of the semester!! Yes write them down!!!In fact put the list under your pillow at night so that you can dream about them and then unconsciously you will remember them. This is also how the book is broken up into.

28. Contemporary Psychology • Psychology’s Perspectives • A lot depends on your viewpoint • You have 6 to remember: • Psychoanalysis • Cognitive • Behaviorial • Biological • Socio-cultural • Humanistic • On your test you will have to write a Paragraph about each one and include a founding father.

29. Psychoanalytic Psychology • Study of unconscious motives and conflicts that determine behavior. • Unconscious are motives that you are not aware of. For instance if someone with brown hair rejects you, then you might not talk to people with that color hair. • Conscious are motives that you are aware of.

30. Psychoanalytic Psychology • Study of unconscious motives and conflicts that determine behavior. • Freud used the technique called free association He would say a word and you would say the first word that popped in your head and he would then analysis what is going on in your unconscious.

31. Sigmund Freud: Father of Psychoanalysis NOT psychology!!!! Unconscious expressed in dreams & “slips of the tongue”

32. Cognitive Approach Cognition is the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, storing & using information Cognitive Psychologists return to the study of learning, memory, perception, language, development & problem solvingExample: Is your boyfriend dumping you traumatic or do you just think it is therefore you are depressed? Or..your ability to do math compared to a 5 year old. You can understand abstract thinking that goes along with statistics. child-development-guide.com sciencedaily.com

33. Cognitive Approach

34. JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980 • Worked in France administering Binet’s IQ test. • Children do not think like adults. Why? • Created 4 stages of cognitive ability that accurately explain the behavior of children. • Influenced teachers and school system.

35. Biological Approach Focus How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences. • Sample Issues • Depression and antidepressants. Problems with thyroids. • How are messages transmitted within the body? • How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

36. Behavioral Approach Scientific Psychology should focus on observable behavior. John Watson (1878-1958) If you do a trick I will give you a treat. B.F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov

38. DR. IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936) • Begins the school of Behaviorism through his work with dogs and digestion. • All behavior is the result of external stimuli. Free will and decision making is ignored.

39. B. F. SKINNER 1904 – 1990 • Operant Conditioning- Organisms learn behavior through the consequences of that behavior. • Reinforcement vs. Punishment • Shaping-learning complex behaviors through learning small steps of that behavior.

40. Social-Cultural Approach Focus How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures. • Sample Issues • How are we, as members of different races and • nationalities, alike as members of one human family? • How do we differ, as products of different social contexts? • Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than • when alone?

41. Humanistic Approach • You have the potential to be great. • Self Actualization. • Feel Good approach. • Client Centered Therapy • Hierarchy of needs. Carl Rogers believed in “client centered therapy” Abraham Maslow came up with the Hierarchy of needs

42. What Causes Behavior? Behavior

43. Fields of Psychology Psychologist is someone who is trained to observe and influence behavior in people. Psychiatrist is a medical doctor that can prescribe medicine.

44. Elementary/ Secondary Schools 4.2% Universities & Colleges 27.2% Independent Practice 33.1% Hospitals, Counseling, Clinics, etc. 22.3% Business, Government or Consulting 12.1% Work In Psychology (?)