Growth & Development

1. Growth & Development McAleer

2. Genes –traits that are passed from one generation to another. “ Blueprint for life” • Chromosomes –rod like body found in the center of the cell (each sex cell has 23 , 46 total XX = female & XY = male ) • Fertilization -when egg and sperm unite; about 90 minutes for sperm to reach the egg. Egg changes outer layer so that no more sperm will be able to penetrate. • Conception -zygote imbeds in the upper uterine wall by digesting the cells. “Implantation” for the first 8 - 12 weeks these cells provide nutrients to the embryo/fetus.

3. Signs of Pregnancy - missed menstrual cycle • Ectopic Implantation - implants somewhere other than the uterus , usually in the fallopian tubes. (2% of all pregnancies) • Zygote -name for newly fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes ready for cell division . • Twins/Identical - Same sex, same egg, same sperm & one placenta. • Fraternal Twins - 2 of everything (two eggs released at the same time , possibility of 1 girl and 1 boy, 2 placentas.

4. Conjoined Twins – didn’t separate at birth, joined together at different places. Dangerous to separate the two. • Embryo - developed offspring first two months of pregnancy. (Mass of cells dividing) • 1st month, 4 weeks - heart beats, nervous & digestive system form. • 5 weeks -buds for arms and legs; face develops, lips, eyes and nose depression. • 6 weeks - active brain function; teeth, fingers and toes start to develop.

5. 2nd Month 8 weeks - eyeball forms, eyelids form and close. Umbilical cord is formed. • 3rd Month – called fetus at 12 weeks. All organs present and functioning, complete person, starts urinating, sex is identifiable. • 4th Month - fetus starts to turn and kick, heartbeat is audible, hair grows, outside of ear forms. • 5th Month - Physically complete; could live on its own. Covered with white hair (lanugos). • 6th Month - Fat layers form, may have hiccups, responds to external sounds.

6. 7th Month - Organs begin to mature. Growth spurt, eyelids slowly open , sees light and dark. • 8th Month - Lungs mature, fingernails grow, testicles almost completely descended. • 9th Month -Ready for the world (7 pounds + about 21 inches long.) • Trimester -about 3 month time periods (12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 40 weeks)

7. Amniotic Sac/Fluid - “Bag of Water” bathes & protects baby . Cushions and gives baby space to develop. Clean & replaced every 3 hours, breaks before birth. • Umbilical Cord -Attaches embryo to placenta (1/2 “ diameter) blood vessels inside the cord to keep it firm and prevent it from tangling. • Tangling -happens in 1 out of 3 births . Wrapped umbilical cord somewhere around the baby. Circulation stops when exposed to air, no nerves & no pain when cut to mom or baby.

8. Placenta -Supplies food and oxygen from mom to baby. Prevents the mom’s and baby’s blood from mixing. • Lungs for oxygen • Digestive system by absorbing food • Kidneys for removing waste • Liver extracting iron from mom • Endocrine system produces hormones. • Weighs approximately 1 lb 8 inches diameter and about 10 oz. of , blood as it pulls away from uterine wall.

9. Hormones, HCG – “Human Chorionic Gonadotropin” is found when she is pregnant meaning there is a placenta present. • Weight Gain in Pregnancy comes from ; baby, placenta, amniotic fluid, uterus, and change in her body. • The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is 25 lbs. • Toxemia - a rise in blood pressure (20 – 24 weeks) • Rapid Weight Gain • Swelling due to water retention.

10. Ultrasound - a procedure that uses intermittent high frequency sound waves to create pictures of the baby. • Amniocentesis - fluid extracted from the amniotic sac. It’s used for detecting birth defects & can determine the sex of the baby. (usually done in the 16th week ) • Full term Pregnancy : 266 – 280 days. Due date is determined by 1st day of the mother’s last menstrual cycle + 9 months. (10 lunar months) • Premature Delivery -babies who weigh under 5 and ½ lbs at birth, aren’t fully developed.