Phonetics and Phonology

1. Phonetics and Phonology by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

2. The Tongue: Our Strongest Muscle

3. ARTICULATORY PHONETICS (Callary 120)

4. PLACE OF ARTICULATION BILABIALS LABIO-DENTALS INTERDENTALS ALVEOLARS PALATALS VELARS

5. MANNER OF ARTICULATION STOPS FRICATIVES AFFRICATES NASALS (NASALIZING) VOICING

6. MANNER OF ARTICULATION EXERCISE TALKING SOFTLY: Everyone in the class should talk softly as they say something. WHISPERING: Everyone in the class should whisper as they say something. NOTE: In talking softly all of the vowels and most of the consonants are voiced, but in whispering none of the vowels or consonants are voiced. When you talk softly in church rather than whispering, your voice will carry throughout the church.

7. NASALIZATION: The velic in the back of the throat opens and closes the nasal cavity to allow nasalization or not. Everyone in the class should keep the velic open as they say something so that all of the sounds will be nasalized. NOTE: If the velic is defective, or if the palate is defective, then many sounds become nasalized that should not be nasalized. This is why people with a detective palate must have an artificial palate installed.

8. DENALIZATION: Everyone in the class should keep the velic closed as they say something so that none of the sounds will be nasalized. NOTE: People with adenoid problems, or with colds in their noses sound denasalized. Now everyone in the class should hold their nose as they say something. Is the resulting sound a nasal sound, or a denasalized sound? Explain. QUESTION: Are the nasal sounds in English stops or continuants? ANSWER: From the point of view of the mouth, they are stops; however, from the point of view of the nose, they are continuants.

9. CHANGE OF PITCH: The “voice box” is also called the “larynx.” As air passes through the larynx it can be cut off (voiceless), or it can be allowed through (voiceless). If the air is allowed through, but the vocal folds are held close together the result is a high pitch; if they are held close together the result is a low pitch. Pitch can be heard only in voiced continuants. All of our vowels, and most of our consonants are voiced continuants.

10. CONTRAST THE SOUNDS & SPELLINGS OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS

11. REGIONAL DIALECTSCONTRAST THE FOLLOWING cot-caught merry-marry-Mary mourning-morning pin-pen witch-which

12. REGIONAL DIALECTSPRONOUNCE THE FOLLOWING

13. IDENTIFY THE SOUNDIDENTIFY THE FEATURES Your teacher will give you three features, and you will give the unique sound that these three features identify. Your teacher will give you a sound, and you will give the three or more features that will uniquely identify the sound.

14. POINTS OF ARTICULATION

15. PHONETIC ALPHABET FOR ENGLISH

16. PHONETIC SYMBOLS

17. AMERICAN VOWELS

18. PUNS Richard Lederer in the introduction to his Get Thee to a Punnerysaid that puns are “a three-ring circus of words: words clowning, words teetering on tightropes, words swinging from tent-tops, words thrusting their heads into the mouth of lions.” Tony Tanner said that a pun is like an adulterous bed in which two meanings that should be separated are coupled together.

19. Debra Fried defined puns as the weird accidents, amazing flukes and lucky hits that the one-armed bandit of language dishes up. This last example is a case of once-removed personification, since a “one-armed bandit” is itself a personified reference to a gambling machine.

20. SIGN LANGUAGE ARTICULATION

21. SIGN LANGUAGE

24. SILENT CONSONANTS For each of the following words with a silent consonant, think of a related word in which the consonant is pronounced. This is not possible for all words. autumn, bough, corps, debt, ghost, gnaw, hole, island, knot, lamb, mnemonic, pneumonia, psychology, pterodacty, resign, sword, write

25. SPELLING OF LONG VOWELS Short vowel sounds are easy to spell in English: “bit,” “bet,” “bat,” “but,” “bot” (a horse fly) But long vowels in English are chaotic in their spelling. We might add a “silent” e, or write more than one vowel letter, etc. Furthermore, our sound system has changed drastically, but our writing system has not, so on first blush, the English spelling system appears to be chaotic.

26. spelling inconsistencies I take it you already know of tough and bough and cough and dough? Some may stumble, but not you, On hiccough, thorough, slough and through. So now you are ready, perhaps, To learn of less familiar traps?

27. Beware of heard, a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird. And dead, it’s said like bed, not bead; For goodness’ sake, don’t call it deed! Watch out for meat and great and threat. (They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.) A moth is not a moth in mother, Nor both in bother, broth in brother.

28. “THE WALRUS AND THE CARPENTER”by Lewis Carroll Write the following in phonetic script: The time has come the walrus said to talk of many things, Of shoes and ships and seeling wax, of cabbages and kings, and why the sea is boiling hot, and whether pigs have wings.

29. SIMILARITY THEORYIn this series of jokes, the puns of the first joke represents total similarity (or identity), and the puns in each joke from then on becomes less and less similar. In the last joke, the punning words are so dissimilar that it is a stretch to figure them out at all.

30. FORM-MEANING CORRESPONDENCES Antonyms (woman-man) Heteronyms (bow-bow) Homographs (bank-bank [NOTE: These are also Homophones) Homonoids (sex and violins = saxon violence) Homonyms (to-too-two) Hyponyms (metaphor-metaphor) Metanalysis (un naperon => an apron) Polysemes (ring-ring) Synonyms (dog-hound)

31. IDENTITY Jorge Borges wrote a parody of Cervantes's Don Quixote. The parody used all of the same words, the same phrases and the same sentences as were in Cervantes’s original. Borges claimed that his parody was much richer than the original because it contained all of the meaning of the original, plus it had all of the meaning of the parody. In addition, the parody had the benefit of many years of literary criticism to add to its richness.

32. POLYSEMY POLYSEMY: When a single word has two different senses. Q: What did one tonsil say to the other? A: You'd better get dressed. The doctor's taking us out tonight.

33. HOMOGRAPHY HOMOGRAPHY: When two different words are pronounced and spelled the same. Q: Why can't the leopard escape from the zoo? A: Because he is always spotted.

34. HOMOPHONY HOMOPHONY: When two different words are pronounced the same but are spelled differently: Q: What's black and white and red/read all over? A: A newspaper.

35. HOMONOIDISM HOMONOIDISM: When words are similar but not the same in sound and spelling: 1st: Knock Knock 2nd: Who's there? 1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians 2nd: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians who? 1st: Eskimos, Christians, and Italians no lies.

36. METANALYSIS METANALYSIS: An inaccurate understanding of where one word or phrase ends and the next one begins Q: Why does a Frenchman have only one egg for breakfast? A: Because one egg is an oeuf.

37. Funny Sounds Words like “snap,” “crackle” and “pop” are funny because they are onomatopoeic. In Germany, these words become “schnap,” “Krakkle,” und “Popp.” In Japanese, the words become “Pichi,” “Pachi,” “Puchi” with the final vowels being voiceless. Words like “Twinkie” and “marshmallow” are funny not only because they sound funny, but also because the thing itself actually looks funny. The Pillsbury Doughboy is funny for the same reasons. Words containing plosive sounds, like p, b, t, d, k, and g tend to be funny, because these sounds “explode” into the word. Since the letters Q, J, Z, X, V, and K are the least used letters in English, they appear as unusual, and often funny.

38. In Star Trek: The Next Generation, “The Outrageous Okona” features Joe Piscopo as a comedian who is teaching Data about humor. He explais that words ending in k are funny. • In an episode of King of the Hill entitled “Portrait of the Artist as a Young Clown,” Bobby takes a college class on clowning and later tells Hank that he has learned that “k” is a funny sound. • In the Dilbert comic strip, Dilbert uses his computer to find the funniest words in English. They are chainsaw, weasel, prune, and Gilligan’s Island. • In 30 Rock, Dr. Leo Spaceman says that “kidney” is a funny word and that it is the k sound that makes him giggle. Later, Jenna accuses Liz Lemon of not giving her any lines with k sounds, and Peter Hornberger responds with “Oh m God. My cousin Karl crashed his car. And now he is in a coma at the Kendall Clinic.”

39. Other funny words include “wool,” “titter” and “bamboozle.” There are also funny numbers. In Douglas Adams’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, 42 is funny because it is “an ordinary, smallish number.” But it is also the meaning of life, the universe and everything. In Sid Caesar’s Your Show of Shows, it is determined that the number 32 is the funniest number, because it is the transposition of 23, which is the number of the floor on which Your Show of Shows was written. On the Dick Van Dyke Show, Buddy says “32 has always been a funny number. I hear 32; I get hysterical.” Weird Al Yankovic considers 27 to be a funny number and encorporates it into his parody songs and videos. In How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson uses 83 in his made-up statistics because 83 is funny.

40. Kleptomaniac (Johnny Carson & JackWebb): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhLLU0H34ms

41. MONDEGREENS: http://www.thelisttv.com/the-list/whats-trending/common-christmas-carol-fails