Phonetics and Phonology

1. Phonetics and Phonology 1.4; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 (ex.) 4.1, 4.2, 4.3; Ref. 3.8 Homework: 3.6, #1-7, #8 (choose any three) [Mar 5]

2. Phonetics • The sound inventory — and how those sounds are formed — is one of the things we know about our language

3. Secondary Function? • According to evolution theories, vocal process is a secondary function. Organs of speech have a primary function: Breathing, expelling toxins and waste material, tearing flesh, masticating, swallowing • Lungs, teeth, tongue, uvula, interior of mouth

4. Secondary Function? • Only glottis & vocal folds appear primarily involved with speech

5. Secondary function? • Critical thinking question: • If language is what distinguishes humans from other life forms, can it be said that speech is a secondary function?

6. Phonetics • See p. 49 chart of speech production mechanism • We need to understand the organs and processes involved in the * “Pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism”

7. Language sounds 1. Consonants 2. Vowels

8. 1. Consonants • * We can know three things about consonants: A. Voicing B. Place of articulation C. Manner of articulation

9. Voicing • We call speech sounds “voiced” when the vocal folds in the glottis vibrate as the sound is produced • m • s ~ z • p ~ b (see pg. 50)

10. Place of articulation*(where the sound is made) (see pg. 51) • Lips (bilabial) • Lips and teeth (labiodental) • Teeth (interdental) • Alveolar ridge (alveolar) • Palate (palatal) • Velum (velar) • Glottis (glottal)

11. Manner of articulation*(how the sound is made) • Stops stopand release air flow too, pie, key

12. Manner of articulation • Fricatives friction restricts the airflow fill, so, she

13. Manner of articulation • Affricates combination of stop + friction church; judge

14. Manner of articulation • Nasal air passes through nose nose; home; sing

15. Manner of articulation • Liquid • air flows around tongue, in a liquid manner ride; line; all

16. Manner of articulation • Glide tongue glides from one location to another boyish; shower

17. Homework • Prepare the following for next class meeting: • Chart P. 54, Examples pp. 45-47 Know the symbols and the three-part description of sounds they represent • Ex. 3.6 - due Mar 5 • Homework counts 10 pts on 2nd Midterm

18. 2. Vowels* • Vowels are the nuclei of syllables boat; dog; cow

19. We can describe vowels in three different ways: (see chart p. 57) • Tongue height* (high or low); /a/, /i/, /a/, /u/

20. Vowels • Tongue position – front or back* /i/ - /u/ /o/ - /e/

21. Vowels • Lips rounded or unrounded* /i/ - /u/ /e/ - /o/

22. diphthongs • Tongue shifts from one vowel position to another to articulate diphthongs* /ai/ /au/ /oi/ /ou/ /ei/ [Note: Some Englishes from other regions posses different diphthongs]

23. Phonetics • Every language has a distinct set of language sounds

24. Study objectives We are expected to be able to know • the phonetic symbol for each sound of English • the voicing • place of articulation • manner of articulation for each English sound

25. Study objectives • *Three part description of consonants

26. Study objectives • *Three part description of vowels: tongue height, tongue position, and roundedness • disregard ‘lax’ and ‘tense’

27. Study objectives • This knowledge of speech mechanics and the standard manner of transcribing speech provides the foundation for all of our subsequent study of language and linguistics