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Explore the essential aspects of the scientific method in psychology, from observation and theory development to hypothesis testing and evidence evaluation. Learn how research ideas are generated, barriers to idea exploration, and the importance of curiosity and inquiry in psychological research.
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Getting an Experimental Idea Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology
Write down two things that you “know”. • Write down HOW you “know” those things. Exercise: How do we know?
Our focus Scientific Method Type of knowledge Objective Subjective having existence outside of a person’s mind (“real”) existing in a person’s mind Empiricism (Experience) Rationalism (Logical reasoning) Persuasion Analysis Ways of knowing Authority Instruction Regulation (rules & laws) Tenacity Faith Intuition Acceptance Methods of Inquiry
The scientific method • A method used to test and analyze claims about behavior • Uses systematic observation and experimentation • A 6 step process Methods of Inquiry
Step 1: Observation • Pay attention to the world around you, look for generalizations write down two generalizations that you have observed about people’s behavior • Two classes of generalizations • Descriptive generalizations – just describe how it is/what was seen, without making predictions • Cause and effect generalizations – makes predictions about the observed relationship between two (or more) things. Scientific Method
Variables • The characteristics of the behavior and the surrounding context • Step 2: Develop a theory or hypothesis • Identify the variables associated with your observations • An explanation for the observed behavior(s) • How are the variables related to one another? • May be based on past research, common sense, intuition, logic, etc. Scientific Method
Step 3: Generate a testable prediction • Need to specify how your hypothesis can be tested. • The relevant variables must be defined and observable. • Falsification is at the heart of the scientific method • Scientists don’t try to prove a theory, but rather set out to refute (“disprove”) theories Scientific Method
Step 4: Make systematic observations • Observational and experimental methods • Which variables will we examine? • How do we measure these variables? • Which variables can we systematically manipulate? • What variables need to be controlled? • Were (from whom) will we collect the observations? Scientific Method
Step 5: Evaluate your evidence • Refutes theory • Supports theory (not “proves the theory”) • Leads to the revision of the theory • Consider alternative theories • There are always alternative explanations Scientific Method
new hypotheses systematic observations predictions new hypotheses systematic observations predictions hypotheses • Step 6: Repeat observations Scientific Method
Where do research ideas come from? • Classic barriers & mistakes Getting ideas for research
Continuum of the development of research ideas Informal Formal • Research is often driven by curiosity. • We typically study things that interest us. “This is interesting. I’d like to know more.” “We’ve got a problem to solve.” “We understand some things, but there are still questions.” “The theory says X. Let’s test the theory.” Where do ideas come from?
Observation • Direct observation - things that you observe: includes public observation, self observation, observing children, observing animals • Vicarious observation - what somebody else has observed and reported Where do ideas come from?
Observation • Common Sense - things that we all think are true • “Opposites attract” • But note: a lot of our common sense is contradictory • Absence makes the heart grow fonder • Long distance affairs never last Where do ideas come from?
Observation • Common Sense • Past research – find out what research has already been done and ask yourself “what don’t we know still” • Follow-up studies, expanding the past research in more detail or new directions • Improvements on past research studies, maybe you think the past research had some serious flaws or limitations Where do ideas come from?
Observation • Common Sense • Past research • Identify a problem – perhaps there is an important problem or issue that needs a (or some) solution(s). • WWII - why did airplanes keep crashing? • Led to development early cognitive theories of attention Where do ideas come from?
Ask the Experts • Putting your trust in somebody else who knows the research field and the issues that need answers • Observation • Common Sense • Past research • Identify a problem Where do ideas come from?
Great ideas You Classic barriers & mistakes
I’m not smart enough. • Somebody else must have already done this. • I don’t know how to pursue the idea. • It’s too simple, something must be wrong. • The idea will take too much work. • Do consider the practicality of the work load, but don’t be afraid of hard work. Simple is good! Classic barriers & mistakes
Not interested. • Don’t procrastinate and take your time • Glued to your first idea. • Be flexible, adjust your idea as you learn more • Can’t find any literature to review. • Our goal is that you come away from this course with the knowledge and ability to see past these pitfalls. Classic barriers & mistakes cont.
Reviewing the Literature • Chapters 2, 5, 9 • Chapter 2 • Reminder: WebCT Quiz #1 due @ noon on Monday: covers Chapters 1&2 Next time