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Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein

Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein. J. Stark, E. Souza, B. Brown, and J. Windes University of Idaho. Factors Affecting Grain Protein Concentration and Quality. Variety. Fertility. Water. Temperature ?. 906-R 1986. Grain Protein (%).

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Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein

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  1. Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Systems for Enhancing Hard Spring Wheat Protein J. Stark, E. Souza, B. Brown, and J. Windes University of Idaho

  2. Factors Affecting Grain Protein Concentrationand Quality Variety Fertility Water Temperature?

  3. 906-R 1986 Grain Protein (%)

  4. 1989 - Pondera Grain Protein (%) Preplant Nitrogen (kg N/ha)

  5. Increase in Flag Leaf Nitrogen Resulting From Topdress Nitrogen at Heading 20 lbs N/acre y =1.65-0.37x r2= 0.83 40 lbs N/acre y =2.48-0.55x r2=0.90 Increase in Flag Leaf N at Milk Stage (%) 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Heading (%)

  6. Flag Leaf Nitrogen vs Protein, Aberdeen, 1989 - 1991 Pondera y = 7.47+1.79x r2=0.85 Grain Protein (%) Copper y = 6.15+1.88x r2=0.85 Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Milk Stage (%)

  7. Increase in Grain Protein (%) as Related to Topdress Nitrogen and Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Heading Increase in Grain Protein (%) 20 lbs N/acre y =1.81-0.40x r2= 0.86 40 lbs N/acre y =2.52-0.56x r2=0.88 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Flag Leaf Nitrogen at Heading (%)

  8. 2000-2001 Nitrogen Timing – Protein Quality Variety – Iona HRS Preplant N – 0, 60 lbs N / acre Topdress N – 0, 20, 40 lbs N / acre Topdress timings – tillering boot, and flowering

  9. Source Test Wt Grain Prot Flour Prot Flour Yield Sed Values Loaf Vol Preplant N (P) NS * ** NS * ** Preplant x Timing (PxT) NS NS * NS NS NS Topdress N Timing (T) NS NS NS NS NS NS Topdress N Rate ( R) * ** ** NS ** ** Topdress x Timing (RxT) NS NS NS NS NS NS 2000 ANOVA NS = Not significant * , ** = Significant at 0.05 and 0.01, respectively

  10. Grain Protein as Influenced by Topdress Nitrogen 2001 Std.err. = 0.19 Grain Protein (%) 2000 Std.err. = 0.35

  11. Loaf Volume as Influenced by Topdress Nitrogen 2001 Std.err. = 20.9 Loaf Volume (mL) 2000 Std.err. = 23.4

  12. Loaf Volume to Grain Protein Ratios Growth Stage at Topdress N Application: 2001 Loaf Volume (mL) tiller boot flower 2000 Grain Protein (%)

  13. Flour Yield to Grain Protein Ratios Growth Stage at Topdress N Application: 2001 Flour Yield (%) tiller boot flower 2000 Grain Protein (%)

  14. N Rate x Irrigation Cut-off Timing (1999-2000) • 4 Cultivars: IDO 377s (HWS), Lolo (HWS), IDO 523 (HWS), Westbred 936 (HRS) • 4 N Rates (soil and fertilizer N): 112, 202, 291, 381 kg N ha-1 • 3 Irrigation Cut-off Timings: milk (Z75), early dough (Z83), soft dough (Z86)

  15. Irrigation Effects on Yield Components Irrigation Spike Kernel Kernel Grain cut-off density weight number yield spikes m-1 mg kernel-1 kernels spike-1 kg ha-1 Milk 94 36.9 55 6722 Early dough 96 40.2 53 7512 Soft dough 105 41.7 53 8843 Std.err. 22 1.6 4 1439

  16. Nitrogen Effects on Yield Components Spike Kernel Kernel Grain N rate density weight number yield kg N ha-1 spikes m-1 mg kernel-1 kernels spike-1 kg ha-1 112 86 41.8 52 6812 202 91 41.6 53 7976 291 107 38.4 55 8176 381 110 36.7 55 7868 Std.err. 21 1.6 4 1434

  17. Flour Protein Irrigation Cut-off N Rate Milk Early dough Soft dough Kg N ha-1 % 112 11.0 11.4 11.3 202 11.6 12.0 11.5 291 12.4 12.3 11.5 381 12.9 12.6 11.8 Std. Err. 0.5

  18. Change in Test Weight With Timing of Irrigation Cut-off Test Weight (kg hL-1) Std.err. = 0.5 Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1)

  19. Change in Kernel Weight With Timing of Irrigation Cut-off Kernel Weight (mg) Std.err. = 1.7 Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1)

  20. Change in Flour Yield With Timing of Irrigation Cut-off Flour Yield (%) Std.err. = 1.0 Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1)

  21. Flour Yield to Protein Ratios Over Three Irrigation Treatments early moderate optimal Flour Yield (g kg-1) Flour Protein (%)

  22. Change in Loaf Volume With Timing of Irrigation Cut-off Loaf Volume (mL) Std.err. = 32 Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1)

  23. Loaf Volume to Protein Ratios Over Three Irrigation Treatments early moderate optimal Loaf Volume (mL) Flour Protein (%)

  24. HRS Response to Late Season N as Affected by Moisture During Grain Fill1995, 1996, 1997, 1998TreatmentsEarly Season N: 67, 134 kg/haMid Season N: 0, 44, 88 kg/haLate Season Water: 0, 0.5, 1.0 x ETRCB - Four Replications

  25. 1 2 0 9 7 I 9 8 1 0 0 I 8 0 9 6 I Yield (kg/ha) 9 5 6 0 I 4 0 2 0 P r e p l a n t N = 1 3 4 kg / / ha / 0 0 . 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 L a t e S e a s o n W a t e r ( % E T )

  26. 1 8 N a t H e a d i n g = 0 I 1 7 9 6 1 6 I 9 5 1 5 Protein (%) I 9 8 1 4 I 1 3 9 7 1 2 0 . 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 (ET) L a t e S e a s o n W a t e r

  27. 1 8 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 7 1 6 I Protein (%) 1 5 I I I 1 4 E a r l y S e a s o n N 1 3 67 kg ha-1 135 kg ha-1 1 2 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 - 1 N a t H e a d i n g ( k g h a )

  28. 1 8 1 7 1 6 Protein (%) 1 5 I I 1 4 1 3 1 2 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 - 1 L a t e S e a s o n N a t H e a d i n g ( k g h a ) 18 17 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 16 15 I 14 W a t e r A d d e d I 13 0 % E T 0 . 5 % E T 1 . 0 % E T 12

  29. 1 3 0 0 W a t e r A d d e d 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 0 % E T 1 2 0 0 0 . 5 % E T 1 . 0 % E T I I 1 1 0 0 Bake Volume (cm3) I I 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 0 4 5 9 0 - 1 L a t e S e a s o n N a t H e a d i n g ( k g h a )

  30. Volume/ProteinRatio LateSeason N Rate (kg/ha)

  31. Volume/ProteinRatio Fraction of ET Applied

  32. Conclusions • Additional nitrogen applied from boot stage to heading will increase flag leaf nitrogen, grain protein and flour protein when nitrogen levels are less than optimal. • There is a greater response in grain protein to late-applied nitrogen with larger deficits of plant nitrogen.

  33. Conclusions • Loaf volume is directly related to protein concentration within years. • The loaf volume to grain protein ratios are not affected by topdress timing and only slightly by late season N. • Early termination of irrigation increases grain protein, but decreases kernel weight, grain yield, test weight, and flour yield. • Early termination of irrigation did not change loaf volume to flour protein ratios but moisture deficit throughout grain filling reduced the ratio.

  34. Conclusion • Inducing late season moisture stress to enhance protein concentration or quality is a poor strategy. • Late season N enhanced protein concentration and protein increases were associated with improved baking quality.

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