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The Dutch World Golden Age (1580-1670)

Explore the economic, cultural, and artistic achievements of the Dutch in the 17th century. Discover the Protestant work ethic, decentralized government, and flourishing urban society that defined this era.

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The Dutch World Golden Age (1580-1670)

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  1. The Dutch WorldGolden Age (1580-1670) Chapter 16 McKay (pp. 555-559)(4.18) The AstronomerJan Vermeer, 1668

  2. Today’s Objectives • Golden Age of the Dutch • Homework • Read Ch 16 (555-559)

  3. Dutch Golden Age Union of Utrecht declares independence Treaty of Westphalia ends “Eighty Years War” Treaty of Nijmegen Dutch East India Company Founded Spanish Armada War of Spanish Succession 1581 1588 1602 1609 1625 1648 1652 1678 1702 1715 Phillip III recognizes United Provinces Dutch decline from Power New Amsterdam Founded 1st Anglo-Dutch War

  4. The Netherlands -Big Ideas • Defied trend of absolutism • France’s Model • Defied trend towards centralization of power • England’s Model • Experienced its Golden Age during the first half of the 1600s

  5. The “Dutch” Century Main Characteristics • Decentralized Government • Unlike other Western Nations • Protestant Work Ethic • Religiously tolerant* • Extremely Urban & bourgeoisie • Diverse and Thriving economy • “Golden Age” of artists and thinkers 1600s The Leiden Baker & His WifeJan Steen

  6. Dutch Government • Loose Confederated Republic (Article of Confederationish) • 7 United Provinces • Each Province had: • A Stadtholder • Executive responsible for defense, law & order in province • Had influence but not authority • When the country was threatened the status of the stadtholder went up • States General • Federal Assembly of the 7 delegates (Stadholder) from Provinces • Had little power economically/politically • Orange family (William) was stadholder for 6 of 7 provinces • Oligarchy of regents (usually merchants & bankers) held real power over local Estates Mary Stuart (dau. Of Charles I) & William II (the Silent) -their son became William II & married Mary Stuart (Dau. Of James II)

  7. The Dutch Federation REGENTS - provincial level - held virtually all the power - strong advocates of local independence STADHOLDER - States General representative from each province - responsible for defense and order STATES GENERAL - federal assembly - foreign affairs (war) - all issues had to be referred to the local Estates

  8. Dutch Society (1600s) • Generally higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe. • Even women had higher wages • Largest middle class in Europe • Largesturban population per capita in Europe • Best fed/ highest standard of living • granaries with enough surplus for one year • Over 200 breweries • “Protestant work ethic” • Thrift and frugality praised • Had numerous charitable institutions • Beatings, floggings, of vagrants did occur Patrician Houses Along the Canal in Leiden

  9. Dutch Golden Age • Period of economic, cultural, artistic, intellectual achievement during 1600s • Causes • Migration of skilled workers • Religious persecution of Calvinists by Philip II led Durtch toward policy of religious toleration of other religions • Attracted Huguenots, Jews • Inexpensive energy source • Peat and windmills provided energy for industry • Technological breakthroughs • Invention of Sawmill sparked massive shipbuilding industry • Trade, Business, entrepreneurship, and wealth praised • Calvinism encouraged posterity Fishing for Souls, 1614, a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt

  10. Dutch Society • Religiously tolerant • Calvinism is main religion • Wealthy & status almost exclusively protestant • Divided over issue of predestination • Catholics had rights • Could worship in conventicle (a house doubling inconspicuously as a church) • Tended to live in certain section of town • Vermeer lived in “Papist Corner” • Jews welcomed • Over 7 thousand in Amsterdam but tended to live in certain sections • Religious refugees welcomed • 60 thousand Huguenots came after Fontainebleau • Pilgrims Rembradt’s Master’s of the Cloth Guild Vermeer’s, The little street

  11. Interior of a Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam – Emmanuel De Witte

  12. Portrait of an Old Jewish ManRembrandt, 1654

  13. Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt - 1662

  14. Cultural achievements • Painting • Considered part of the Baroque movement • Often painted domestic scenes, still life • Safe haven & place of where life takes place • Subjects driven by wealthy bourgeosie merchant class • Not Church • Jan Vermeer • portrayed typical domestic scenes • Reflects wealth & global trade of Dutch • Girl with the Pearl Earring • Rembrandt • Portrayed Biblical scenes, portraits (over 80), self-portraits, Jewish population • Paintings often show ‘the face behind the mask’ TPM • Masters of the Clothe Hall • shows businessmen and judges • the men who are running the Republic (Calvinistic) • burghers – personal simplicity in the face of wealth Vermeer, The Geographer The Masters of Cloth Hall

  15. Rembrandt - Beggars Receiving Alms at the Door of a House

  16. The Lace MakerNicolaesMaes

  17. The Lace MakerJan Vermeer, 1669-1670

  18. The Account KeeperNicolaesMaes, 1656

  19. A Woman Holding a BalanceJan Vermeer, 1662

  20. View of DelftJan Vermeer, 1660-1661

  21. A Young Woman with a Water Jug - Jan Vermeer, 1662

  22. Begin at 4:00 Girl with a Pearl EarringJan Vermeer, 1665 Click

  23. Dutch Intellectual Life

  24. University of Gröningen, 1614 • Along with Leiden, they were the first international universities • Half of the students were foreigners

  25. Dutch Society • By 1645, it (Groningen) was the largest university in the Protestant world. • separation of the strong provinces hindered the power of any church to control intellectual life in the Dutch Republic!

  26. René Descartes The French philosopher lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649.

  27. Dutch Optics: The Telescope Most agree that the telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608.

  28. Christiaan Huygens • Used telescope to view Saturn’s rings • Invented pendulum clock • Theorized wave theory of light • First theoretical physicist • Member of French Royal Academy of Sciences until 1685 • Edict of Fontainebleau

  29. Anton van Leeuwenhoek • Father of microbiology • First to observe single-celled organism (bacteria) • Expert at glass melting/shaping • Developed technique for producing high quality lenses • Made more than 500 • Could magnify up to 500xs • Shared results with Royal Society of London • May be the subject of Vermeer’s The Geographer • Dutch Art reflect Dutch zeitgeist • Period of both technological, scientific, and economic growth

  30. Anatomy Lecture of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp – Rembrandt, 1632

  31. (detail) Anatomy Lecture of Dr. NicolaesTulp – Rembrandt, 1632

  32. The Dutch Economy • Reclamation Program • Thousands of workers, horses “reclaimed” land from the sea • Opened thousands of acres of fertile land • Capital intensive farming produced butter, cheese, & tulips • Controlled most of Europe’s shipping • 10 thousand ships in 1600 • Carriers between France, Spain, England, and the Baltic • Exported diamonds, linens, pottery • 500 miles of canals • Bought in bulk (undercut rivals) • Principal suppliers grain & fish Dutch East India Ship, mid-17c

  33. The Bank of Amsterdam (1609) • European money was chaotic • kings, cities or private individuals minted own coins • often debased with other alloys (uncertain values) • Amsterdam • accepted mixed monies • accessed their value • exchanged European currency for gold florins • known and unchanging weight • Florins became the currency of trade • Amsterdam is the financial center of Europe until 1790s The Bourse (Stock Exchange)

  34. Dutch Economy • Joint Stock Companies • Early form of corporation • Bourse in Amsterdam • Investors could buy a “share” or stock of ownership in varies companies • As company became more valuable, so did profit of investor • Chartered Companies • Companies granted monopolies in certain markets • Had large fleets, soldiers, negotiated treaties, coined $ • Dutch East Indian Company (1602) • 1st Joint Stock co. • Granted monopoly on trade in Asia by States-General of Union of Utrecht Bourse Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Shipyard of Dutch East India Co.

  35. Return of the Dutch East IndiaFleet, 1599

  36. Amsterdam Stock Market (Bourse)Emmanuel De Witte, 1653 Jewish refugees helped found it in 1602.

  37. DutchDelftware English Delftware

  38. Rembrandt African Heads

  39. The GeographerJan Vermeer, 1668-1669

  40. Girl Reading a Letter with the Window Open - Jan Vermeer, 1657

  41. Abraham and Isaac-Rembrandt van Rijn 1634

  42. Self Portrait Rembrandt 1661 Click for Clip

  43. The Night Watch – Rembrandt, 1642

  44. Rembrandt , Harmensz van Rijn , Beggar Woman Leaning on a Stick, 1646

  45. Anglo Dutch Wars (1652-1674) • Series of three naval wars • Tensions between Dutch and England rising over trade, fishing rights, perceived slights • Navigation Acts (1651) • Seemed to be a mercantile act • Really a pretext for English pirates to take any Dutch ship they saw • England demanded Dutch “Strike their colors (flags )” • Symbolizing submission or surrender • Rump Parliament declared war after Dutch refused • Dutch lost New Amsterdam • But Dutch continued its golden age until 1713 (War of Spanish Succession Click for summary clip New Amsterdam, 1660

  46. William of Orange/King William III • B. 1650 • Son of William, Prince of Orange, and Mary Stuart (daughter of Charles I) • Multilingual • spoke English, French, Dutch, German, Latin and Spanish fluently • Disliked pomp and circumstance, flattery • Hated Louis XIV • Preferred to focus on the affairs of state • 1677 married Mary Stuart • daughter of James II

  47. War of Spanish Succession • United Provinces under constant threat by Louis XIV • 1667 Louis XIV invaded the Spanish Netherlands • Important buffer zone for Dutch • William III creates Triple Alliance with England, Spain against France • Treaty of Nimwegaen (1678) • unstable peace is made with France • Dutch provinces are preserved • 1689 William III becomes king of England

  48. War of Spanish Succession • King Charles II of Spain died in 1700 Left kingdom to Philip, duc d'Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV • “The Pyrenees exist no longer” • Would greatly upset balance of power • Louis recognized James II’s son, Catholic James Stuart (the "Old Pretender"), as the rightful monarch of England and the Dutch • “Grand Alliance” of 1701 • GB, HRE, and UP unite to oppose Louis

  49. The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) • Treaty that ends War of Spanish Succession • Partitioned the world of Spain • Britain gets Gibraltar and Minorca (Balearic Is.) • Savoy gets Sardinia • Austrian Habsburgs get Milan, Naples, Sicily, and Spanish (now Austrian) Netherlands • France agreed to stop supporting “Pretenders” • Grandson of Louis XIV was crowned Philip V of Spain • Spain now Bourbon Spain • keeps new world territories • BUT Crowns of France and Spain can never be united • Absolutism comes to Spain (lasted until 1931) • New World markets are available to French goods • Domination by France is prevented

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