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The Brain

HSP3UI Unit 2: Psychology. The Brain. The Case of Phineas Gage. September 13 th , 1848 - 25 years old Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Vermont Paving the way for new RR tracks - Accident “ Tamping Iron ” - 1.25in x 3ft - Quick Recovery Months later: “ No longer Gage ”

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The Brain

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  1. HSP3UI Unit 2: Psychology The Brain

  2. The Case of Phineas Gage • September 13th, 1848 - 25 years old • Rutland & Burlington Railroad, Vermont • Paving the way for new RR tracks - Accident • “Tamping Iron”- 1.25in x 3ft - Quick Recovery • Months later: “No longer Gage” • Before:Capable, Efficient, Best foreman, Well-balanced mind • After:Extravagant, anti-social, liar, grossly profane • Stint with P.T Barnum - Died 12 years later • Shows connection between the BRAIN and PERSONALITY

  3. Brainstem Thalamus Cerebellum I. Lower-Level Structures

  4. Brain: Lower Level StructuresCAN YOU NAME THEM!??? like… for fun… not testing you or anything Cerebellum Thalamus Brain stem Medulla

  5. A. Brainstem • The oldest part of the brain • Responsible for automatic survival functions 1. Medulla • Controls heartbeat and breathing • Damage to this area can lead to death 2. Reticular Formation • Controls alertness • Damage to this area can cause a coma

  6. B. Thalamus • The brain’s sensory switchboard -- directs messages from sensory organs to the correct area of the brain C. Cerebellum • Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance • Damage to this area can cause loss of fine motor skills • Small yet controlled, skilled movements; such • as writing or playing guitar

  7. Helps regulate memory, aggression, fear, hunger, and thirst Includes the Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala II. Limbic System(Paleomammalic brain)

  8. A. Hypothalamus • Regulates: • eating, drinking, • body temperature, • libido, and • the “fight or flight” reaction

  9. B. Hippocampus • Part of the limbic system that helps us form new memories • Looks like a seahorse • Hippo is Greek for “horse.” “If you saw a hippo on campus, you’d never forget it!”

  10. C. Amygdala • Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger • Damage to this area could result in violent, aggressive behavior

  11. The body’s ultimate control and information processing center III. Cerebral Cortex

  12. Cerebral Cortex

  13. Cerebral Cortex

  14. Cerebral Cortex

  15. Cerebral Cortex

  16. Cerebral Cortex

  17. A. CORPUS CALLOSUM • Connects the two brain hemispheres • Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures

  18. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital (Ox-sip-i-tal), and Temporal B. The Four Lobes

  19. 1. Frontal Lobes • Located just behind the forehead • Involved in personality, making plans and judgments

  20. 2. Parietal Lobes • Involved in making associations • Located behind the frontal lobes

  21. 3. Occipital Lobes • The primary visual processing area • Located in the back of the head • Damage to this area could result in loss of vision

  22. 4. Temporal Lobes • Auditory (sound) information is first processed here • Located above the ears – both sides • Language storage • Righty – mostly in left • Lefty – both sides • Organized

  23. IV. Hemispheric Differences

  24. A. Left Hemisphere • Spoken language is one of the clearest differences between the two hemispheres. • For most people, language functions are in the left hemisphere.

  25. 1. Broca’s Area • Located in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere • Responsible for the muscle movements of speech • Damage to this area causes problems in expressing thoughts in spoken language

  26. PET Scan of Broca’s Area P.E.T. - Positron Emission Tomography

  27. Broca’s Area This is the brain of “Tal” from whom Broca discovered the area for speech. Note the damage to Broca’s Area.

  28. 2. Wernicke’s Area • Located in the temporal lobe (usually on the left side) • Gives us the ability to understand what is said to us

  29. PET Scan of Wernicke’s Area

  30. B. Right Hemisphere • Spatial skills - being able to perceive or organize thingsin a given space, judge distance, etc. • Relationships and emotions

  31. Right Brain: emotion, relationships, music Left Brain: language, math, reasoning

  32. C. Plasticity • The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions • Greatest in childhood • Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed

  33. V. Imaging Techniques • CAT Scan: X-rays taken from different angles of the brain • MRI: Computer generated images of soft tissue in the brain • EEG: Electrodes on the scalp measure waves of electrical activity in the brain • PET: Avisual display of brain activity based on glucose (blood sugar)

  34. Brain Teasers

  35. The End

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