Composition of the Atmosphere

1. Composition of the Atmosphere

2. Composition of the Atmosphere

3. Composition of the Atmosphere • Nitrogen - 78% • -Nitrogen is essential for manufacturing proteins and DNA • -it is unreactive and cannot be used directly. • -Dilutes oxygen and prevents rapid burning at the earth's surface. • -The Nitrogen Cycle is nature's way of supplying the needed nitrogen for living things.  • It is being added in the atmosphere: • *when plants and animals decay or are burned • *when there are volcanic eruptions, • *through the decay of some types of non-organic materials.

4. Composition of the Atmosphere Question: Does it mean that nitrogen is constantly being added to the atmosphere? Then why doesn’t the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere continually increase? Why don’t animals die from lack of oxygen?

5. Composition of the Atmosphere • Answer: While nitrogen is constantly being added to the atmosphere, it is also constantly being removed, or cleansed from the atmosphere.

6. Composition of the Atmosphere • It is being removed in the atmosphere: • * with a small amount by living organisms • * by rain and snow • Thus, the amount of nitrogen being added to the atmosphere, and the amount being removed are perfectly balanced, insuring that the total amount remains constant.

7. Composition of the Atmosphere Oxygen - 21% • -Used by all living things and without it, each of us and most of the animals on Earth would perish in a matter of just a few minutes. • -Essential for respiration. • -It is necessary for combustion or burning.  • Oxygen is added in the atmosphere: • *by plants as they utilize photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy • Oxygen is later removed from the air: • *by animals and other life forms.

8. Composition of the Atmosphere c. Argon- 0.9 -Used in light bulbs. D. Carbon Dioxide - 0.03% - Plants use it to make oxygen. -Acts as a blanket and prevents the escape of heat into outer space. -Scientists are afraid that the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil are adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.  E. Water Vapor - 0.0 to 4.0% - Essential for life processes. - prevents heat loss from the earth. F. Trace gases - gases found only in very small amounts. They include neon, helium, krypton, and xenon.

9. DifferentLAYERS

10. troposphere • is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. • The troposphere starts at Earth's surface and • goes up to a height of 7 to 20 km above sea level • Air is warmest at the bottom of the troposphere • near ground level.

11. Stratosphere • is the second layer, as one moves upward from Earth's surface, of the atmosphere • is above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. • The top of the stratosphere occurs at 50 km altitude. • The boundary between the stratosphere and the mesosphere above is called thestratopause • The boundary between the stratosphere and the troposphere below is called thetropopause stratosphere

12. mesosphere • mesosphere starts at 50 km above Earth's surface and goes up to 85 km high. • The top of the mesosphere is the coldest part of Earth's atmosphere. • The temperature there is around -90° C. mesosphere

13. thermosphere • The thermosphere is directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere. • It extends from about 90 km (56 miles) to between 500 and 1,000 km above our planet. • The boundary between the thermosphere and the exosphere above it is called the thermopause. thermosphere

14. Exosphere • The Earth's atmosphere becomes very thin. • The region where atoms and molecules escape into space is referred to as the exosphere. • The exosphere is on top of the thermosphere.

15. Environmental Issues Threatening Our Planet

16. Climate Change • has become more than obvious over the past decade, with nine years of the decade making it to the list of hottest years the planet has ever witnessed. • Some of the most obvious signs of this include irregularities in weather, frequent storms, melting glaciers, rising levels of sea etc.

17. Conservation of Species • deals with conservation of flora and fauna, in order to curb the extinction of species. • Extinction of a single species of plant or animal results in a dramatic imbalance in the ecosystem • plants and animal species have become extinct thus resulting in a major loss for the biodiversity of the planet.

18. Energy Crisis • The fact that we are largely dependent on fossil fuels for our energy requirements has made us significantly vulnerable to severe energy crisis. • Though, quite a few renewable energy sources have been identified, none of them have been promising enough when it comes to replacement of fossil fuels as the major source of energy for mankind. • Attempts to tap the full potential of these sources are in progress, and our future by and large depends on these attempts, as fossil fuels are on the verge of exhaustion.

19. Exploitation of Natural Resources: • Our greed for more has left us empty handed in terms of natural resources in several parts of the world. • human activities, including the likes of mining, agriculture, fishing etc., has resulted in drastic degradation of our natural resources. • While mining and agriculture have triggered large-scale deforestation, over fishing has only resulted in the reduction of population of marine creatures inhabiting the planet.

20. Land Degradation • pollution, owing to human activities, and desertification, due to loss of vegetation has left the surface of the planet unsuitable for human use. • Improper soil use, haphazard waste disposal, large-scale deforestation and other such human activities harmful for nature are on the rise, something which is invariably taking a toll on our natural surroundings.

21. Land Use • Environmental problems pertaining to the land are not just restricted to haphazard waste disposal or large-scale deforestation, but also to improper use of land. • Natural environment is being destructed to make way for urban sprawl, which is indirectly resulting in loss of habitat for several species. • Fragmentation of land owing to construction is also a major factor when it comes to improper land use. • All these factors together result in several problems, including soil erosion, degradation of land and desertification.

22. Nuclear Issues • Nuclear power does have high potential, but the problems associated with it are no less. Radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is one of the major problems we are likely to face, especially if safety regulations are not followed properly. • Chernobyl tragedy has set an example of how nuclear waste can lead to disaster for mankind.

23. Overpopulation • As the population of world continues to soar at an alarming rate, the pressure on the resources of the planet is increasing. • with overpopulation range from food and water crisis to lack of space for natural burial. • in various other demographic hazards. • Incessant population growth will not just result in depletion of natural resources, but will also put more pressure on the economy.

24. Pollution • include air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. • air pollution can be attributed to the large amount of carbon dioxide pumped into the atmosphere by industries and vehicles, water pollution and land pollution is caused as a result of waste disposal from factories, oil-carrying vessels etc.

25. Waste Management • As population increases, human activities increase, which eventually increases the amount of waste produced. • This waste doesn't just include those harmful gases let out in the atmosphere or toxic waste released in water bodies, but also includes nuclear waste, e-waste, medical waste and even the waste from our homes.

26. Climate

27. Climate Climate encompasses the statistics of: • temperature • humidity • atmospheric pressure • wind • precipitation ** Atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elemental measurements in a given region over long periods. Climate can be contrasted to weather, which is the present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods.

28. CLIMATE

29. CLIMATE A region's climate is generated by the climate system, which has five components: • atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Cryosphere • biosphere The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearbywater bodies and their currents.  • Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation.

30. CLIMATE • TERRAIN • Terrain, or land relief, is the vertical and horizontal dimension of land surface. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used.

31. Climate THE CLIMATE OF THE PHILIPPINES • Can be divided into three seasons: • From March to May – warm and dry season • From June to November – rainy season • From December to January – cold and dry seasons • Depending on the wind speed, tropical cyclones which effect the philipppines during the months of June to November, may be classified into three categories: • Tropical depression • Tropical storm • Typhoon

32. climate PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, GEOPHYSICAL, AND ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (PAGASA) warns the people of approaching typhoons by means of typhoon signals. • Typhoon Signal no. 1 – means that the expected wind velocity is from 30 to 60 kph within the next 36 hours • Typhoon Signal no. 2 – means that expected wind velocity is from 61 to 100 kph within the next 24 hours • Typhoon Signal no. 3 – means that the expected wind velocity is from 101 to 180 kph within 18 hours • Typhoon Signal no. 4 – means that the expected wind velocity is greater than 180 kph within 12 hours.

33. weather

34. weather • is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. • day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, where as climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. pressure differences: **Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compression heating.

35. On Earth, common weather phenomena include • wind • cloud • Rain • snow, • Fog • dust storms • Less common events natural disasters : • tornadoes,hurricanes, typhoons and ice storms weather

36. weather Storms: Thunder storm - electrical storm - a form of turbulent weather characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere known as thunder. Supercell - strongest and the most associated with severe weather phenomena **Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds, large hailstones, and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation.

37. weather Effects: Floods -Widespread flooding can occur if rainfall becomes excessive,which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas Humans -food shortages before crops reach their full maturity -Malaria incidence increases during periods of high temperature and heavy rainfall Animals -Tropical species of butterflies show larger dot markings on their wings to fend off possible predators and are more active during the wet season than the dry season -decreased salinity of near shore wetlands due to the rains causes an increase in crocodile nesting

38. seasons

39. What is a season? -a subdivision of the year, marked by changes inweather, ecology, and hours of daylight. -result from the yearly revolution of the Earth around the Sun and thetilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of revolution -marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth's surface, variations of which may cause animals to go into hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant.

40. Four seasons *spring *summer *fall *winter

41. Spring • -temperate season • the transition time between • winter and summer • -rebirth, renewal and • regrowth • -days are close to 12 hours • long with day length increasing • as the season progresses. • -the axis of the Earth is • increasing its tilt toward the • Sun and the length of daylight • rapidly increases for the • relevant hemisphere.

42. summer • warmest of the four temperate seasons. • days are longest and the nights are shortest - hot dry weather

43. fall -harvest was the term usually used to refer to the season

44. Tropical Season • Wet Season - yearly period of low rainfall • average precipitation is below 60 millimeters (2.4 in) • low humidity, and some watering holes and rivers drying up • animals are forced to migrate due to the lack of water and feed to more fertile spots. • Dry Season • most of the average annual rainfall in a region occurs. • average precipitation is 60 millimeters (2.4 in) or more • precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. • is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season.