New Ventures

1. New Ventures By: Kyle C, Maximilian, Kyle W, and Fedor

2. The English in the 16th century participated in many voyages of exploration but failed to establish any permanent settlements until the early 1600’s. • Poor finances religious conflict, the colonization of Ireland, and the threat of war with Spain overshadowed English interest in the Americas. • In 1497 King Henry VII of England authorized John Cabot to sail to all countries, seas, and to the east, the west and the north. • English merchants hoped that Cabot would discover a route to Asia. Cabot ended up exploring what is now Nova Scotia. Just like Columbus Cabot thought he had discovered Asia, but later voyages discovered that he did not.

4. Rivalry Between England and Spain • By the 1570’s Queen Elizabeth I had become increasingly anxious about Spain’s growing global power. • Queen Elizabeth wanted to challenge Spain’s influence in the Americas but she didn’t want to do it so openly. • The way she did this was she secretly financed voyages by Martin Frobisher, whose purpose was to search for a north west passage through North America to Asia. • What Frobisher ended up doing was instead of finding a route to Asia he explored the Atlantic coast of what is now Canada.

5. Martin Frobisher’s Voyage

6. On The High Seas • Other things Queen Elizabeth did to challenge Spain’s power is she gave her unofficial approval to piracy against Spanish ships and settlements. • Sea captains such as Francis Drake, cruised the shores of Spanish America, capturing treasure ships, looting towns, and inflicting heavy damage to the Spanish. • Because Spain was still the strongest power in Europe so the English did not attempt to form any colonization's in America or take any open action against the Spanish.

7. Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1588, King Phillip of Spain dispatched a large fleet of ships to sail against the English fleet Large Spanish fleet called the Spanish armada Fighting to arrive at and colonize the Americas Spanish Armada consisted of 130 ships/galleons & 27,000 troops h Had greater numbers but slower ships which were less maneuverable Ships got picked off one by one by English

8. Ships got picked off one by one by English • Devastated Spanish fleet • Spanish Armada was then forced up English Channel into North Sea • Fierce storms took out more galleons • 60-70 Spanish ships returned to Spain • With defeat of Spanish Armada, the English could now colonize the Americas

9. Mercantilism • Exploration & colonization of the Americas changed European society and culture • Beginning in 1600s, many European countries, used an economic theory called mercantilism • Mercantilism means a country’s power depends on its wealth • Made every nation want to become as wealthy as possible

10. These countries used the Americas as a source of raw materials to manufacture goods & gain wealth • This provided markets of manufactured goods from parenting countries • This made the colonies in the Americas goal to make their parenting country self-sufficient • This theory greatly helped England build up its empire • Other countries found it harder to colonize a part of the Americas

11. French Presence in America • 1524, King Francis I of France, sent Giovanni da Verrazano(an Italian sea captain) in search of a northwest passage • He failed • 1534, Jacques Cartier made 1st of 3 voyages to northern North America & also failed • 1600s, the French made a serious attempt to find the northwest passage http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0e2Jr00kSU

12. 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec on the St. Lawrence banks though few French settled there • 1609, Champlain; along with the Algonquian and Huron peoples, attacked the Iroquois confederacy • Champlain shot down 2 of 3 chiefs and wounded another • The Iroquois, frightened at how they lost them before they could do anything, fled the into the forest • Resulted in the French becoming sworn enemies to the Iroquois

13. Exploration of the Mississippi • The Mississippi was first settled by the Native Americans] • The first European explorer to find the Mississippi was Spanish explorer • French explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette were the first explorers from France to discover the Mississippi river

14. Fur Trappers • French were interested in setting up trading posts from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada • Beaver skins sent to France made heavy profits. • Fur trappers generally had good relationships with the natives

15. Native and European Relations • French generally had better relationships with the natives than the Spanish • The only native group that didn’t like the French were the Iroquois • Many French Priests and explorers were killed and tortured by the Natives because of the fact they weren’t accompanied by armies like the Spanish were

16. Dutch Presence in America • Along with Spain, Britain, France, and Russia, the Netherlands were one of the small group of European powers to claim territory and establish a colony on the soil of North America • In the early seventeenth century, the Dutch were active traders who dominated Europe's commerce with the East Indies • Expansion to the New World was a natural outgrowth of their role in Asia, as in 1609 the United East India Company engaged the English navigator, Henry Hudson to try to find a new route to the wealthy spice islands in the East • Hudson's explorations of Staten and Manhattan Islands and what later came to be known as the Hudson River led to further expeditions by the Dutch, who were primarily interested in developing a profitable fur trade with the Indians • In 1621 the Dutch government granted a charter to the West India Company (WIC) to develop trade in the New World

17. Hudson's explorations of Staten and Manhattan Islands and what later came to be known as the Hudson River led to further expeditions by the Dutch, who were primarily interested in developing a profitable fur trade with the Indians • In 1621 the Dutch government granted a charter to the West India Company (WIC) to develop trade in the New World • The directors of the WIC subsequently decided to establish a permanent colony, New Netherland, in the part of the North American coast that the Dutch claimed - the area between 40 and 45 degrees latitude. • The first permanent settlers (ironically mostly French-speaking refugees from what is now Belgium) arrived in early 1624, and began to put down roots in parts of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut.

18. For the next forty years, the Dutch struggled to sustain the colony. They developed a lucrative fur trade with the Indians and built villages and farms throughout the mid-Atlantic region. • The growth of English settlement in neighboring New England and conflict between England and the Netherlands eventually spelled the end of New Netherland, as Governor Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender New Amsterdam--soon to be renamed New York--to an English fleet in 1664. • The Dutch influence on America far outlasted the end of the colony, and can be seen in the many Dutch place names in New York, New Jersey, and elsewhere; and in the continued presence of the Dutch Reformed Church. Three future presidents--Martin Van Buren, Theodore Roosevelt, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt--were among the many prominent Americans descended from the early Dutch settlers

19. Thanks for watching!