Spatial 1 Km to 250 m

1. Satellite Instrument Synergy*Maximizing the Utilization of the Nation’s Civil Space-based Remote Sensing Observing Capabilities in the GOES-R eraJames F.W. PurdomCIRA*Much of information presented here is based on recent work of the Instrument Synergy Science Team that includes participants from CIRA, CIMSS, MIT/LL, NRL and NOAA/NESDIS

2. The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena being observed drive the satellite systems’ spectral needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise. GOES-R: Unique in spectral, spatial and temporal domains GOES-R sensors spatial and spectral resolutions approach and in some instances surpass those of its operational polar orbiting counterparts

3. TemporalComparison of animation sequences of severe thunderstorm over western Kansas. Movies at 30, 15, 5 and 1 minute intervals. While 5 minute interval imaging is routine for GOES-R, special imaging like this is possible at 1 minute intervals or less at 4(ABI) to 30 (HES-VNIR) times better spatial resolution than today.

4. Spatial1 Km to 250 m GOES-8: ~1 km Hurricane Erin 09/09/01 ~1530 Z • Note the detail in the eye wall (you can see up its side), improving the resolution of visible imagery provides enhanced ability to analyze a cloud field

5. Spectral - ABI Simulated GOES-R Imagery

8. Spectral Observe Phenomena With Greater Information Content Simulated GOES-R Multi-channel Product

9. Water And Wet Ground Boundary Between Dry And Unstable Air Middle Level Moisture Cirrus Cloud Severe Thunderstorms New products based on mathematical analysis of multi-channel images – every 5 minutes or less!

10. NOAA Strategic Goals Satellite Instrument Synergy: Optimizing the Use of Environmental Satellites to Meet NOAA Strategic Goals L Protect, restore, utilize Littoral (coastal) & ocean resources. C Understand Climate variability and change (trend). W Serve needs for Weather and water information. T Enable safe and efficient Transportation.

11. + L~100km, M~10km, H~1 km, vH~100m *cumulative from more freq obs system where instrument stability over very long time period is important

12. 4 hr .25–1 km 10 km 14 km 25 km 5–20 km 3 hr 2 hr 150–300 m 4-10 km 150–300 m 4-10 km 1 hr .5–2 km .5–2 km VIIRS ABI HES-VNIR APS CrIS HES-IR ATMS CMIS ABI HES-VNIR HES-IR Instrument Synergy within GOES-R FOV Typical viewing over tropical regions and the central United States. Red dots are for NPOESS/METOP system with three s/c. GOES-R (green bars) indicate nominal performance for GOES-E & W with hourly full disc imaging (5 min) & sounding (1 hr). The GOES-R systems may be operated to provide much more rapid interval data (rapid scan) at the expense of area coverage. Temporal Instrument NOSA and synergy: Initial goal is to integrate Polar (NPOESS) and Geo (GOES-R) systems in 2012 time frame

13. Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy Goal and Challenge: Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing • Observing system characteristics • Polar is global and fixed (well determined orbit and sensor operational capability) • Geostationary is quasi-hemispheric and adaptive (point and shoot) • Selected sensors will operate over very similar spectral regions (visible to infrared) • The spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions of the GOES_R geostationary satellite systems’ sensors will in some cases approach and in other cases surpass those of the polar orbiting satellite systems’ sensors.

14. Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy Goal and Challenge: Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing • Intra-Satellite • GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive) • NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed) • Intra-System • GOES-E and GOES-W • NPOESS AM and PM • Inter-System • GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS) • GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites

15. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis :geostationary, polar and other

16. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis: geostationary, polar and other

17. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

18. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

19. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

20. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

21. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

22. Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other

23. To assure full utilization we need to capitalize on the adaptive observing nature of the geostationary system in synergy with the fixed polar system ENTERING AN AGE OF MULTI-PLATFORM MULTI-SENSOR PRODUCTS But we’re not there yet

24. Roles of various sensors (Polar are basically 4 hr repeat; since Geo may do adaptive observing, delta time may be varied to optimize strategy) Cloud Base, Top and Layer related products • Daytime cloud base & top • stereo ABI and/or HES-VNIR • VIIRS with GOES imagers every 4 hrs • shadow from ABI or HES-VNIR, VIIRS at 4 hrs • HES-VNIR reflectance and HES-IR radiances • Day or night cloud base • Derived HES-IR stability, ABI surface temperature • daytime HES-VNIR for moisture in cloudy regions over land) • Day or night cloud top • Multispectral slicing methods • HES-IR and ABI every 5 to 60 minutes global • CrIS and VIIRS every 4 hours global • Cloud layer • high resolution imager within sounder using n* type methods (requires model baseline), cloud phase with ABI to delineate ice from water cloud, stereo improvement and limited layer thickness using ABI and HES-VNIR

25. Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help • define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era Atmospheric Motion Products • Cloud and plume motion vectors (Cloud height from prior chart) • ABI • 5-min interval for hemispheric cmv’s • Rapid scan for special applications • HES-VNIR (10 to 36x improvement in spatial resolution over ABI) • < 300 m and 1 min intervals for severe weather and hazard applications • Moisture motion vectors • VIIRS in polar regions • Routine ABI @ 5-min intervals • Hemispheric and local scale • Routine HES-IR @ 30-60 min intervals • Hemispheric and local scale • Improved vertical definition for certain applications with HES-VNIR and ABI • HES-VNIR @ 300 m and ~10 min intervals • moisture motion in convective boundary layer in synergy with HES-IR • Ocean surface winds • CMIS @ 4 hr intervals

26. Viewing Perspective, dt and l, determine what we see • Differences in scattering as a function of sun-scatterer-detector geometry allow for a variety of atmospheric, land, costal zone and ocean applications (think of MISR) • Stereo cloud height determinations: accuracy is in large part a function of spatial resolution (shadows can also provide exceptionally accurate cloud height depending on time of day and viewing geometries) • Exceptional CMV’s (u, u', v, v', w') in complex situations: potential for nearly 50 times higher resolution than today (150m vs 1000m) and over 10 times higher than GOES-R’s ABI (150m vs 500m) • Pre-cumulus moisture field and its changes in time

27. Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help • define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era Atmospheric Profile Products Resolutions of various sensors • CrIS/IASI 4 hr T and H2O profiles, globally, 14 km clear and above cloud top • ATMS/AMSU 4 hr T and H2O, globally, ~30 km through cloud over ocean • HES-IR 15 min to hourly T and H2O profiles, clear and above cloud top • HES-VNIR mesoscale TCM (total column moisture), 300m best used in conjunction w/ HES-IR and ABI (surface temperature) Sounding applications • Global scale analysis and modeling • 4 hr radiances • Regional scale modeling • 1-4 hr sounding/radiances • Local scale/ mesoscale for severe storm prediction • <hourly radiances, sounding, • Surface parameters from sounder (in conjunction w/ VIIRS and ABI) • SST 4 hr over open ocean and hourly to 5 minutes* over coastal waters • Surface Temperature and moisture hourly to 5 minutes* • (*cloud cover, temporal and spatial requirement play crucial role)

28. Example Sub-pixel Characterization within One AIRS FOV MODIS water land 0.86µm MODIS pixels within one AIRS FOV 11µm

29. Improved Clear Radiance Data from Combining Imager and Sounder Observations RMS radiance differences between true clear radiance and cloud re-moved clear column Note improvement in sounder clear column radiance estimation when higher resolution imager data is used in synergy with sounder data (Smith et al. 2003)

30. Vertical shear ABI (cloud motion) HES-IR (moisture motion) HES-VNIR (cloud and moisture motion) Evolving instability field ABI (surface heating) HES-IR (instability and surface heating) HES-VNIR (detailed moisture field) Cold pool production HES-IR Updraft strength ABI (IR top temperature) ABI and HES-VNIR (overshooting top height) Above with HES-IR (updraft efficiency) Anvil characteristics & storm environment interaction ABI (growth and detailed upper level atmospheric motion and water vapor behavior) HES-IR and VNIR (as ABI but with better spectral definition) Rotating overshooting top ABI and HES-VNIR Storm damage HES-VNIR Nowcasting requires detailed information on mesoscale thermodynamic structure of atmosphere, cloud type and vertical wind shear Convection and Severe Weather • Important for Nowcasting Convection and Severe Weather • Vertical wind shear • Evolving instability field • Strength of storm produced cold pool • Updraft strength • Anvil characteristics • Development • Temperature structure • Storm-environment interaction • Cloud top rotation • Storm damage

31. The development and evolution of deep convection GOES-R: Unique in spectra, space and time The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena drive the spectral needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise. Nowcasting severe convection requires frequent imaging and sounding that can only be provided by geostationary satellites.

32. Ocean Color Products Coastal: At-sensor radiances to determine ocean color products including chlorophyll, CDOM, suspended matter, and bottom properties • HES-VNIR optimal for multiple cloud free views /day @ <300 m • Hourly best for modeling coastal ocean dynamics and currents by feature tracking • Tasked by ABI defined “cloud free” (%TBD) FOV every 5 min • VIIRS Not optimal, spatial, spectral or temporal for coastal zone • 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m not adequate to resolve tidal related features • May not be cloud free FOV • Complex features and atmospheric correction best resolved by HSI • Selected commercial high-spatial resolution data may be available Open Ocean (chlorophyll major constituent) • VIIRS 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m appears adequate • HES-VNIR may be tasked for selected cloud free views @ <300 m • Tasked by ABI defined cloudy FOVs • Selected international data may be available

33. Example: Use ABI Data to Task HES VNIR GOES-8 loop from 1615 to 2345: this loop illustrates the changes that occur in the cloud field after the MODIS pass and the need to dynamically task HES.

34. Despite increasing cloud cover, the Florida Bay and Northern Keys could be successfully imaged over several hours which will allow for observations of ocean color as well as changes due to tidal effects. Florida Bay Northern Keys

35. Then along came Floyd

36. It will be important to monitor such disasters hourly at very high resolution as will be available from HES’VNIR capability Ocean color showing result of flooding interacting with pig farms. You want to be able to make daily cloud free images of this consequence of a natural disaster immediately and blend with SST, ocean currents and other information.

37. Climate products require long term, stable and accurate sensor measurements Role of GOES-R in Climate • GOES-R total HES can serve as stable reference basis for other satellites (operational polar and other LEO) • Contiguous and high resolution spectral measurements required for inter-calibration • Spectral flexibility (adaptability) allows for spectral matching with other systems’ instrumentation • GOES-R total HES is a baseline • GOES-R ability to track diurnal cycle • Simultaneity with LEO constellation • Contribution to GPM (Global Precipitation Mission) • High spectral resolution radiance matching for scenes over long time periods by one fixed system at the same viewing angle and from the same altitude (Goody concept) • Detect and monitor long term changes (trends) in water vapor and other gasses

38. Climate products require long term, stable and accurate sensor measurements Role of GOES-R in Climate • GOES-R ability to track diurnal cyclespectrally with both ABI and HES!

39. Aerosol Products • Primary VIIRS/APS global product every 4 hours • Marine environment • ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time • HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ <300 m resolution (less cloud effects) • Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size) • Water leaving radiance for coastal water algorithms • CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at 4-10-12 km scale • Over land • ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time • HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ 300 m resolution (less cloud effects) • Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size) • CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at 4-10-12 km scale

40. Aerosol Products – Dust storm during daylightFilling the gaps between 4 hourly APS

41. Aerosol Products – Dust storm day and night Filling the gaps between 4 hourly APS

42. Rapid Response!! Catastrophic Products • Catastrophic (on demand): utilize baseline information – every 5 min update required • Accurate plume location and tracking • ABI @ 1 min • HES VNIR @ 1-5 min w/ <300 m resolution (less cloud effects) • Dual satellite HES VNIR better plume depth • HES-IR 15 min characterization of moisture profile and trace gases • Damage area identification and possible assessment

43. Fire and Plumes, as below, can be rapidly detected and assessed • So can other type plumes • VIIRS every 4 hrs at various resolutions • ABI every 1 to 5 minutes at various resolutions • HES often, depending on aerial extent, at 300 meters or less

44. This damage was due to a tornado, it could have occurred over a similar or larger area due to explosions from various causes. Do you want to wait for conventional monitoring methods to begin damage assessment? With HES you can view immediately with exceptionally high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions.

45. LaPlata tornado damage path at 120 m resolution LaPlata tornado damage path at 240 m resolution

46. LaPlata Tornado Damage – 1from EO-1 30 m 60 m 120 m 240 m

47. The Satellite System of the GOES-R Era Will Lead To Improvements . . • Improved prediction accuracy from improved observations • Observe phenomena with greater clarity • Observe phenomena with greater information content • Observe phenomena with greater frequency • Observe the previously unobserved Particularly when: we capitalize on the adaptive observing nature of the geostationary system in synergy with the fixed polar system

48. Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy Goal and Challenge: Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing • Intra-Satellite • GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive) • NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed) • Intra-System • GOES-E and GOES-W • NPOESS AM and PM • Inter-System • GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS) • GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites