1 / 66

Acid, Base, Electrolytes

Acid, Base, Electrolytes. Regulation for BALANCE. Fluid Compartments. Fluid Compartments: 20 – 40 – 60 Rule. Fluid Movement. Input = output Hormones Na+ / K+ Renin Aldosterone ANP Reproductive Hormones GCC Ca++ / Mg++ Calcitonin PTH H2O ADH. Anions follows passively Cl- HCO3- .

brooks
Download Presentation

Acid, Base, Electrolytes

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Acid, Base, Electrolytes Regulation for BALANCE

  2. Fluid Compartments

  3. Fluid Compartments:20 – 40 – 60 Rule

  4. Fluid Movement

  5. Input = output Hormones Na+ / K+ Renin Aldosterone ANP Reproductive Hormones GCC Ca++ / Mg++ Calcitonin PTH H2O ADH Anions follows passively Cl- HCO3- Water and Electrolyte Balance

  6. Electrolyte Fluid Composition

  7. Cations and Anions balance for Electroneutrality

  8. Acid Base Terms • Define • pH • Acid • Strong • Weak • Volatile : CO2 from CH20 and Fat Metabolism • Nonvolatile: H2SO4, H2PO4 from protein metabolism • Base • Strong • Weak • Salt • Buffer

  9. Acid Sources

  10. pH • Define • pH = log (1/[H+]) • pH = -log [H3O+] • Water Dissociation • H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH- • Scale • Blood values • Venous • Arterial • Abnormal Values • Acidemia • Alkalemia

  11. pH formula and scale

  12. Acid Base Chart

  13. pH of Solutions

  14. Acid Base Regulation for Balance • Systems • Chemical Buffer Systems • Respiratory System • Renal • Time • Seconds to Minutes • Minutes to Hours • Hours to Days / Weeks • Strength • Problems (reference 7.4 as normal average): • + / - 0.1 changes result in respiratory rate changes • + / - 0.2 to 0.3 changes result in CV and Nervous changes • + / - 0.4 to 0.5 changes result in death

  15. Chemical Buffer Systems • Define • 3 types • Name of System • Buffer formula or name of chemical • Location • Effectiveness [pKa buffer = pH location] • Why important

  16. pH changes with/without buffers

  17. Buffer Effectiveness HA  [H+] + [A-] pKa = -logKa

  18. Titration of Buffer System

  19. pK of Bicarbonate System

  20. Formulas • K = [H+] [HCO3-] / [H2CO3] • pH = log (1 / [H+]) • Henderson-Hasselbach Equation: CO2 is directly related to H2CO3, as CO2 + H20  H2CO3; can substitute this equivalent [amount x solubility coefficient] in the above equation (0.03 X pCO2)

  21. Bicarbonate Chemical Buffer • H2CO3, HCO3- • Plasma buffer • pK = 6.1 • Important: • Can measure components • pCO2 = 40 mmHg • HCO3- = 24 mM • Can adjust concentration / ratio of components • HCO3- @ kidneys • CO2 @ lungs • Recalculate pH of buffer system in ECF using Henderson-Hasselbach • pH = 6.1 + log(24 / 0.03x40) • pH = 6.1 + log (20/1) • pH = 7.4

  22. Bicarbonate pK

  23. Bicarbonate Buffer System

  24. Phosphate Chemical Buffer • H2PO4-, HPO4= • ICF, Urine • pK = 6.8 • Important • Intracellular buffer • ICF pH = ~ 6.5 – 6.8 • Renal Tubular Fluids • Urine pH ranges 6.0 – 7.0

  25. Protein Chemical Buffer • Proteins • With Histadine: AA contain imidazole ring, pKa = 7.0 • R-COOH  R-COO- + H+ • R-NH2  R-NH3+ • ICF (hemoglobin), ECF • pK = 7.4 • Important • Most numerous chemicals • Most powerful chemical buffer

  26. Proteins in acid base

  27. Acid-Base Properties of Alanine

  28. Hemoglobin

  29. Protein Chains

  30. Hemoglobin Buffer for H+

  31. CO2 transport and RBC buffer

  32. Respiratory for A/B Balance • Occurs in minutes • CO2 only • Rate changes

  33. Respiratory Controls for Acid /Base balance • Volatile Acid: CO2 • pH changes in CSF • Respiratory Rate • Pons • Medulla Oblongata • Chemoreceptors • pCO2 • pO2

  34. CO2 and pH • Increase CO2 • Increase H+ • Decrease pH • Decrease CO2 • Decrease H+ • Increase pH

  35. Renal Control for Long Term Acid / Base Balance

  36. Renal processes in A/B balance

  37. Renal Physiology • Filtration • Remove metabolic acids: Ketones, Uric acid • Filter Base [HCO3-] @ Renal Filtration Membrane • Reabsorption • Base @ PCT • Reverse CO2 equation to create HCO3- • Secretion • H+ @ PCT, late DCT and Cortical CD • CO2 equation to create H+ for secretion

  38. Renal Mechanisms for A/B

  39. Renal Ion Exchanges • Na+ / K+ antiporter • Na+ / H+ antiporter • Na+ / HCO3- cotrans • H+ / K+ ATPase • H+ ATPase • Cl- / HCO3- exchanger

  40. Renal Reabsorption of HCO3-

  41. Renal Movement of Ions andCO2, HCO3-, and H+  Acidic Urine

  42. Renal Tubular Buffer:Phosphate Buffer System

  43. Use of HPO4 buffer system

  44. Ammonium Buffer System in Renal Tubules Deamination of Glutamine creates HCO3- for more base creates NH3 for buffering H+

  45. Increase of HCO3- Buffer

  46. Renal Buffer Mechanisms

  47. Normal Acid Base Values

  48. Respiratory and Renal Balance

More Related