Producers and Consumers in Ecosystems

2. Chapter Menu Lesson 1:Producers and Consumers Lesson 2:Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 3:Matter in Ecosystems Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

3. 13.1 Producers and Consumers ecology producer photosynthesis consumer protozoan herbivore carnivore omnivore decomposer scavenger

4. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Ecosystems • An ecosystem includes biotic and abiotic factors. • Ecology is the study of the interactions between living things and their environment.

5. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Producers • Producers are organisms that use light energy from the Sun or energy from chemical reactions to make their own food. • Only a few types of producers on Earth make food without energy. • Producers use carbon dioxide and water to make sugars, which they use as food.

6. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Producers (cont.)

7. 13.1 Producers and Consumers The Sun • Photosynthesis is a process that some producers use to make their own food using light energy.

8. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Plants • Most green plants are producers. • Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide and make simple sugars. • These sugars are a source of energy and carbon.

9. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Protists and Bacteria • Some protists are producers, such as algae, dinoflagellates, and euglenas. • Some bacteria, called cyanobacteria, carry out photosynthesis.

10. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Chemosynthesis • Some bacteria make food using energy from chemical reactions in a process called chemosynthesis. • Some chemosynthetic bacteria live deep in the ocean where sunlight never reaches.

11. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Consumers • Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food. • All animals are consumers because they eat other organisms or their wastes. • Some consumers eat producers, and some eat other consumers. • Some consumers, such as protozoans, are single-celled.

12. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers • Herbivores are animals that eat only plants. • Carnivores are animals that only eat other animals. • Omnivores are animals that eat other animals and plants.

13. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Types of Consumers (cont.) • Scavengers are organisms that eat dead animals. • Decomposers break down dead organisms, and animal droppings, and other wastes produced by living things.

14. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D _____ is the science of the interactions of living things and their environments. A Chemistry B Biology C Ecology D Environmentalism

15. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D What process do some bacteria that are deep in the ocean use and make food? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C decomposition D consumption

16. 13.1 Producers and Consumers Lesson 1 Review • A • B • C • D Which consumer breaks down dead organisms and wastes produced by living things? A decomposers B herbivores C omnivores D scavengers

17. End of Lesson 1

18. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems food chain food web primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer

19. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Through the Ecosystems • Energy moves one way through an ecosystem—from producers to consumers and decomposers. • Organisms do not create or destroy energy; they change it from one form to another.

20. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food as Energy • Energy passes through ecosystems as food.

21. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Chains • A food chain is an illustration of how energy moves though an ecosystem.

22. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs • An ecosystem contains more than one type of producer, and most organisms eat more than one type of food. • A food web is a more complicated model of the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

23. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Food Webs (cont.)

24. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids • An energy pyramid is a diagram that shows how much energy is available to each type of consumer. • The bottom layer has the most available energy and contains the producers. • The middle layers contain primary consumers and secondary consumers. • The small top layer has the least available energy and contains tertiary consumers.

25. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Temperate Deciduous Forest

26. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Desert

27. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Energy Pyramids (cont.) Tropical Rainforest

28. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Releasing Thermal Energy • All organisms release some energy in food as thermal energy. • This is why less energy is available with each step up an energy pyramid. How is energy transferred through a community of organisms?

29. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D Which accurately represents the flow of energy in an ecosystem? A food chain B food pyramid C food web D energy pyramid

30. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D What does the bottom layer of an energy pyramid represent? A primary consumers B producers C tertiary consumers D herbivores

31. 13.2 Energy in Ecosystems Lesson 2 Review • A • B • C • D The energy in an energy pyramid is dependent on the number of _____ in an ecosystem. A producers B tertiary consumers C primary consumers D secondary consumers

32. End of Lesson 2

33. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems nitrifying bacteria nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle carbon cycle

34. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Cycles of Matter • The amount of matter—anything that has mass and takes up space—on Earth never changes. • Elements that make up matter cycle among living things and between abiotic and biotic environments.

35. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle • Nitrifying bacteria change atmospheric nitrogen into forms of nitrogen that plants can take up through their roots. • The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and then back to the atmosphere.

36. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Nitrogen Cycle (cont.)

37. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Phosphorus Cycle • The phosphorus cycle describes how phosphorus moves from soil to producers and consumers, and back to soil.

38. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems The Carbon Cycle • The carbon cycle describes how carbon moves between the living and nonliving environments. • Carbon is the key element in sugars, proteins, starches, and many other compounds that make up living things.

39. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems The Carbon Cycle (cont.)

40. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D _____ is anything that has mass and takes up space. A Matter B Carbon C Nitrogen D Phosphorus

41. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D What process changes nitrogen into a form that plants can take up through their roots? A photosynthesis B chemosynthesis C nitrogen cycling D carbon cycling

42. 13.3 Matter in Ecosystems Lesson 3 Review • A • B • C • D Which element is the key element in sugars, proteins, and starches? A nitrogen B phosphorus C oxygen D carbon

43. End of Lesson 3

44. Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

45. Chapter Assessment 1 • A • B • C • D Green plants are ____. A consumers B producers C scavengers D decomposers

46. Chapter Assessment 2 • A • B • C • D What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? A producers B algae C consumers D chemosynthetic

47. Chapter Assessment 3 • A • B • C • D What does a food chain show? A how carbon moves through an ecosystem B how consumers move through an ecosystem C how producers move through an ecosystem D how energy moves through an ecosystem

48. Chapter Assessment 4 • A • B • C • D What does an energy pyramid represent? A how much matter is in an ecosystem B how much energy is available in an ecosystem C which consumers eat which producers D the number of species in an ecosystem

49. Chapter Assessment 5 • A • B • C • D Most humans are _____. A producers B scavengers C herbivores D omnivores

50. SCI 5.c CA Standards Practice 1 • A • B • C • D What to herbivores eat? A animals B plants C plants and animals D dead matter