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Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Understanding Science Lesson 2 Measurement and Scientific Tools Lesson 3 Case Study Chapter Wrap-Up. Chapter Menu. How can science provide answers to your questions about the world around you?. Chapter Introduction. Understanding Science.

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  1. Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Understanding Science Lesson 2 Measurement and Scientific Tools Lesson 3Case Study Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Menu

  2. How can science provide answers to your questions about the world around you? Chapter Introduction

  3. Understanding Science • What is scientific inquiry? • What are the results of scientific investigations? • How can a scientist prevent bias in a scientific investigation? Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

  4. Understanding Science • science • observation • inference • hypothesis • prediction • technology • scientific theory • scientific law • critical thinking Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

  5. What is science? • Science is the investigation and exploration of natural events and of the new information that results from those investigations. • People use reasoning, creativity, and skepticism in their daily lives to solve problems. Lesson 1-1

  6. Branches of Science Biology, or life science, is the study of all living things. biology from Greek bios, means “life”; and logia, means “study of” Lesson 1-2

  7. Branches of Science(cont.) • The study of Earth, including landforms, rocks, soil, and forces that shape Earth’s surface, is Earth science. • The study of chemistry and physics is physical science. Lesson 1-2

  8. Scientific Inquiry As scientists study the natural world, they usually use certain skills, or methods. Lesson 1-3

  9. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) A scientist uses a sequence of skills and methods in an investigation. Lesson 1-3

  10. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) • Observations often are the beginning of the process of science. • An observation is using one or more of your senses to gather information and take note of what occurs. Lesson 1-3

  11. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) • A possible explanation about an observation that can be tested by scientific investigations is a hypothesis. • A prediction is a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events. Lesson 1-3

  12. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) • When you test a hypothesis, you often are testing your predictions. • If your prediction is not confirmed, your hypothesis might need revision. Lesson 1-3

  13. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) What is scientific inquiry? Lesson 1-3

  14. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) • The next step in a scientific investigation is to organize and analyze your data. • You must determine whether inferences can be made or conclusions drawn from the data. • An inference is a logical explanation of an observation that is drawn from prior knowledge or experience. Lesson 1-3

  15. If your hypothesis is supported by the data, you can repeat the experiment to confirm the results. • If your hypothesis is not supported, you may need to modify it. Lesson 1-3

  16. Scientific Inquiry(cont.) An important step in scientific inquiry is communicating results. Lesson 1-3

  17. Results of Scientific Inquiry • In science, you perform scientific inquiry to find answers to questions. • The practical use of scientific knowledge, especially for industrial or commercial use is technology. • Many times, scientific investigations answer the questions: who, what, when, where, or how. Lesson 1-4

  18. Results of Scientific Inquiry(cont.) What are the results of scientific investigations? Lesson 1-4

  19. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws • A scientific theory is an explanation of observations or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations. • A scientific law describes a pattern or an event in nature that is always true. Lesson 1-5

  20. Lesson 1-5

  21. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.) • Critical thinking is comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it. • To prevent bias in an investigation, sampling, repetition, and blind studies can be helpful. Lesson 1-5

  22. Lesson 1-5

  23. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.) How can a scientist prevent bias in a scientific investigation? Lesson 1-5

  24. Scientific Theory and Scientific Laws (cont.) • Questions about personal opinions, values, beliefs, and feelings cannot be answered scientifically. • Scientists follow safety procedures when they conduct investigations. • Ethics are especially important when using living things during investigations. Lesson 1-6

  25. Which is the study of chemistry and physics? A. biology B. Earth science C. life science D. physical science Lesson 1 – LR1

  26. Which term refers to a statement of what will happen next in a sequence of events? A. hypothesis B. inference C. observation D. prediction Lesson 1 – LR2

  27. Which refers to comparing what you already know with the information you are given in order to decide whether you agree with it? A. critical thinking B. inference C. observation D. scientific law Lesson 1 – LR3

  28. Measurement and Scientific Tools • What is the difference between accuracy and precision? • Why should you use significant digits? • What are some tools used by scientists? Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

  29. Measurement and Scientific Tools • accuracy • precision • significant digits • description • explanation • International System of Units (SI) Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

  30. Description and Explanation • A description is a spoken or written summary of observations. • An explanation is an interpretation of observations. • When you explain something, you try to interpret your observations, which can lead to a hypothesis. Lesson 2-1

  31. The International System of Units • The International System of Units (SI) is an internationally accepted system for measurement. • All SI units are derived from seven base units. Lesson 2-2

  32. The International System of Units(cont.) • A prefix can be added to a base unit’s name to indicate either a fraction or a multiple of that base unit. • Prefixes are based on powers of ten, such as 0.01 and 100. Lesson 2-2

  33. Accuracy is a description of how close a measurement is to an accepted or true value. • Precision is a description of how similar or close measurements are to each other. Lesson 2-2

  34. The data taken by student A are more accurate because each value is close to the accepted value. The data taken by student C are more precise because the data are similar. Lesson 2-2

  35. The International System of Units(cont.) How do accuracy and precision differ? Lesson 2-2

  36. Measurement and Accuracy • All measurements have some uncertainty. • The tools used to make measurements limit the accuracy of the measurements. Lesson 2-3

  37. Significant Digits • Significant digits are the number of digits in a measurement that are known with a certain degree of reliability. • The significant digits in a measurement include all digits you know for certain plus one estimated digit. Lesson 2-4

  38. Lesson 2-4

  39. Significant Digits(cont.) Using significant digits lets others know how certain your measurements are. Lesson 2-4

  40. Significant Digits(cont.) Why should you use significant digits? Lesson 2-4

  41. Scientific Tools Science journals are for recording descriptions, explanations, plans, and steps used in scientific inquiry. Corbis Lesson 2-5

  42. Scientific Tools(cont.) A triple-beam balance or a digital balance is used by scientists to measure mass. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Stephen Frisch, photographer Lesson 2-5

  43. Scientific Tools(cont.) A thermometer measures the temperatures of substances. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc./Ken Cavanagh Photographer Lesson 2-5

  44. Scientific Tools(cont.) Flasks, beakers, petri dishes, test tubes, and specimen jars are used as containers. Lesson 2-5

  45. Scientific Tools(cont.) • Graduated cylinders are used to measure the volume of a liquid. • The unit of measure for liquid volume is the liter (L) or milliliter (mL). Lesson 2-5

  46. Scientific Tools(cont.) Microscopes, such as dissecting microscopes and compound light microscopes, enable you to observe small objects that you cannot observe with just your eyes. Photodisc/Getty Images Lesson 2-5

  47. Scientific Tools(cont.) Scientists use computers to compile, retrieve, and analyze data for reports. Lesson 2-5

  48. Tools Used by Life Scientists • A magnifying lens is a hand-held lens that magnifies, or enlarges, an image of an object. • To observe items using a compound light microscope, you must place it on a thin, rectangular piece of glass called a slide. Lesson 2-6

  49. Tools Used by Life Scientists(cont.) • Scientists use dissecting tools, such as scalpels and scissors, to examine tissues, organs, or prepared organisms. • A pipette is a small glass or plastic tube used to draw up and transfer liquids. Ingram Publishing/SuperStock Photodisc Collection/Getty Images Lesson 2-6

  50. Tools Used by Life Scientists(cont.) What are some tools used by life scientists? Lesson 2-6

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