What is meant by the term Organic?

1. What is meant by the term Organic?

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3. Characteristics of organic compounds • Formed as a result almost exclusively of covalent bonding • Generally nonpolar  Generally insoluble in water • usually soluble in nonpolar solvents (other organic compounds) • Non-electrolytes except organic acids which are weak electrolytes • Have low melting points (due to weak intermolecular forces that hold them together) • The great number of carbons leads to a higher melting point.

4. Characteristics of organic compounds, (continued) • Have slower reaction rates than inorganic compounds • covalent bonds within organic molecules are strong • activation energies are high • catalysts are often used to increase reaction rates

5. How can we describe Hydrocarbons?

6. Hydrocarbons • Definition - compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon • There are so many hydrocarbons found in nature; nearly impossible to study all! They are grouped in Homologous series. • Homologous series - group of organic compounds with similar properties and related structures (differ from each other by CH3)

7. 3 Important Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons: • Alkanes • Alkenes • Alkynes

8. Aliphatic - hydrocarbon chains • Saturated • Definition - has no bonds that can be broken to add extra hydrogen • called Alkanes • family of hydrocarbons with all single bonds • general formula CnH2n+2 • named with suffix "ANE“ • Table P – Organic Prefixes • As the number of carbons increases, the boiling point increases.

9. TAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE • Name and draw the first ten Alkanes • Go to table P and look at the prefix for the number of carbons • 1 carbon is Meth • All alkanes end in ‘ane’ • ‘meth’ and ‘ane’ • Methane • 2 carbons is Eth • All alkanes end in ‘ane’ • ‘eth’ and ‘ane’ • Ethane

10. The First Ten Straight-Chain Hydrocarbons

11. The First Ten Straight-Chain Hydrocarbons

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13. What are theUnsaturated Hydrocarbons?

14. Unsaturated - has double or triple bonds that can be broken to add more hydrogen • Alkenes • family of hydrocarbons with at least one double bond • general formula CnH2n • named with suffix "ENE“ • Starts with Ethene.

15. AlkenesTAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE • Draw the first nine Alkenes • Go to table P and look at the prefix for the number of carbons • 2 carbons is Eth • All alkenes end in ‘ene’ • ‘eth’ and ‘ene’ • Ethene • 3 carbons is Prop • All alkenes end in ‘ene’ • ‘prop’ and ‘ene’ • Propene

16. AlkenesTAKE OUT PAPER AND DRAW PLEASE • Draw the first nine Alkenes • Go to table P and look at the prefix for the number of carbons • 4 carbons is But • All alkenes end in ‘ene’ • ‘but’ and ‘ene’ • Butene

17. Alkenes

18. Alkynes • Alkynes • family of hydrocarbons with one triple bond • general formula CnH2n-2 • named with suffix "YNE“ • Starts with Ethyne.

19. Alkynes • Draw the first nine Alkynes • Go to table P and look at the prefix for the number of carbons • 2 carbons is Eth • All alkenes end in ‘yne’ • ‘eth’ and ‘yne’ • Ethyne • 3 carbons is Prop • All alkenes end in ‘yne’ • ‘prop’ and ‘yne’ • Propyne

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21. With this ring I,get confused?

22. Benzene H C H C C H C6H6 H C C H C H The Benzene Series (Aromatic hydrocarbons) The benzene series consists of molecules which are cyclic in nature. The general formula is CnH2n-6.

23. Although it appears that the structure has alternating double and single bonds, the bonding involves six identical bonds. A resonance structure is used to show structural formula of benzene. H H C C H C C H H C C H H C C H H C C H C C H H An abbreviated structural formula can be used in place of the above: OR

24. H C H C C CH3 H C C H C H An abbreviated structural formula can be used in place of the above: CH3CH3 Toluene or Methylbenzene C7H8

25. Alkylderivatives of Benzene

26. Page 5 Practice

27. Aim: How can we name organic compounds? We have rules!!!! YAY!!!!!!!!!!!

28. Rule 1: Find the longest continuous chain

29. Rule 2: Assign numbers to each C atom in the longest chain, starting at the end with the attached group.

30. Rule 3: If more than one of the same types of group is attached to the main chain prefixes are used to identify the attached groups.

31. Rule 4: When naming alkenes or alkynes the carbon with the double/triple bond, the carbon number with the double/triple bond must be identified in the name.

32. Packet Pages 10-11

33. Aim: How can we represent organic compounds?

34. What are we showing in the following pictures?

35. Different ways to represent one compound • Molecular Formula • Structural Formula • Condensed Structural Formula • Ball-and-Stick Model • Space-Filling Model

36. Molecular Formula • Shows the kind and number of atoms in a compound. • Example: CH4 or C2H6 • Tells us that there are carbon and hydrogen atoms. For methane, there are 4 hydrogens for 1 carbon atom.

37. Structural Formula • In addition, shows the bonding patterns and two-dimensional view. • For example:

38. Condensed Structural Formula • Written structural formula • For example: Methane: CH4 • Ethane: CH3CH3

39. Ball-and-Stick Model • Shows a 3D structure of the compound • Example:

40. Space-Filling Model • Shows the actual structure of the compound • Example:

41. Molecules Models of Organic Hydrocarbons Fig 8.4

42. Isomers • Isomers: When a molecular formula can be represented by more than one structural arrangement • Isomers have the same molecular formula, but different physical and chemical properties. • As the # of carbon atoms increases, so does the # of possible isomers

43. Isomers • How would you draw the structural formula for a 4 carbon hydrocarbon?

44. Structural Isomers of Butane Fig 8.5

45. Isomer Practice Draw 3 Isomers for 5 and 6 carbon Alkanes. Be sure you have the correct number of hydrogens.

46. What are the variousFunctional Groups?

47. Functional Groups • Atoms or groups of atoms that replace hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon. • This will form new compounds? • They have distinct physical and chemical properties. • There are 9 functional groups • All found on Table R!

48. C, H and O • Alcohols (R-OH) • ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, (rubbing alcohol) • Ethers (R-O-R) • dimethyl ether (old anaesthetic) • Ketones • acetone (nail polish remover) • Aldehydes (a ketone with at least one R = H) • formaldehyde • Esters • many fine odours • Carboxylic acids • acetic acid • Carbohydrates • (CH2O)n, glucose, starch, cellulose

49. 1. Halides • A Halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) replaces a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon. • Used as organic solvents • General Formula: R-X (X= Halogen & R= Alkyl group) • Add fluoro for F Designate the location of • Chloro for Cl the halide with 1,2 etc • Bromo for Br • Iodo for I 2-fluoropropane

50. 2. Alcohols • Organic compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an –OH group. • -OH group is called a hydroxyl group. • NOT A BASE! • They are nonelectrolytes (Do not form ions in solution). • Polar substances • General Formula: R-OH • Naming: Position of OH group must be assigned & -ANE ending changes to –OL.