Understanding Interdependence Among Living Organisms

1. Chapter 4 : Interdependence Among Living Organisms And The Environment

4. 4.1 Interdependence Among Living Organisms Habitat Species Population Community Ecosystem

5. Habitat The natural home of an organism where it lives and reproduce

6. Examples :

7. Species A similar organism or same characteristics

8. Population The same species live and reproduce in a specific habitat

9. Examples :

10. Community Different type of population live together in a specific habitat and interacting with one another

11. Examples :

12. Ecosystem The interaction of the organisms (several community) with the environment in a habitat

13. Examples :

15. Interaction Between Living Organism 1. Prey-Predator 2. Symbiosis 2.1. Commensalism 2.2. Mutualism 2.3. Parasitism 3. Competition

16. 2.1 Commensalism 2.Symbiosis 1.Prey - Predator 2.2 Mutualism Interaction Between Living Organism 2.3 Parasitism 3. Competition

18. Predator: A living organism that hunts other living organism for food Prey: A living organism that is hunted by predators Prey - Predator Example 2: Lion (predator) eats deer(prey) Example: Cat (predator) eats mouse (prey)

19. Prey-predator Lion eat deer Cat eat mouse

20. APKBS4 2011

21. APKBS4 2011

23. Symbiosis 2.1. Commensalism 2.2. Mutualism 2.3. Parasitism

24. Meaning: is an interaction between two different organisms where only one organisms benefits from the relationship. The other organisms is neither helped nor harmed. The organisms which benefits in commensalism is called the commensal. The organisms which is not affectedis called the host. Commensalism Example: The remora fish(the commensal) feeds on food scattered by the shark(the host) . The shark neither helped nor harmed by the clown fish Example: Sea anemone (the host) uses poisonous to protect the clown fish(the commensal) from its predators . The sea anemone is neither helped nor harmed by the clown fish

25. commensalism Sea anemone with clown fish Remora fish with shark

26. Meaning: An interaction that benefits both organism Mutualism Example 2: The fungus and the green algae live together in a lichen . The fungus provides water , protection and nutrients to the algae whereas the algae provides the fungus with food produced during photosynthesis Example: Sea anemone obtains food and transport from the hermit crab whereas hermit crab is protected from its predators by the poisonous tentacles of the sea anemone

30. mutualism lichen on Corylus Sea anemone with hermit crab Mynah and buffalo

31. Meaning: An interaction in which one organism (the parasite) benefits but the others organism(the host) is harmed Example 2: Ticks and lice (parasite) live on the on the skin of mammals (hosts) and suck their blood . Parasitism Example: The tapeworm(the parasite) in the human’s intestine(the host) feeds on nutrients in the human’s blood whereas the human may suffer from abdominal pain , bloatin and diarrhoea

32. parasitism The tapeworm in the small intestine The ticks

34. Meaning: Competition takes place when organisms living in the same habitat compete to obtain common need such as shelter , water , mate , minerals ,food or light Competition become stronger when the common needs in ecosystem are limited Competition Inter-specific competition is the competition between organisms of different species , such as crows and wolves compete for meats Intra-specific competition is the competition between organisms of the same species , such as wolves compete for meat .

35. PKBS 4 2011

37. competetion Deers compete for mate

38. CONTOH SOALAN PMR 2009

39. Biological control agents for specific pests PMR03 • Biological control has many advantages as compared to using pesticides. Some of them are • does not pollute the environment • does not kill other pests because natural enemies are used is cheap and safe to use

40. PMR 08

41. Soalan 3 – mintapendapat – jawabdalamsains • PMR 05 – Smoking is dangerous to human health. • PMR 06 – suggest one way in which egg could be to float • PMR 07 – apakahkegunaanubatgigi • PMR 08 – naktentukanketulinan air • PMR 09 – mengapaikangapidiletakkandidalamlongkang • PMR 2010 –mengapaikanpausperlukeraptimbuldipermukaan air

42. Terengganu 2011

44. FOOD WEBS PMR 03, 04, 07 • Producers, Consumers and Decomposers • Producers are all green plants that make food through photosynthesis. • Consumers are animals that eat plants or other animals. • Decomposers are organisms that decompose dead organisms (animals or plants) and change them into simple substances. Examples of decomposers are bacteria and fungi.

46. FOOD WEBS PMR 03, 04, 07 • A food web consists of several food chains that are interlinked. • The organisms in a food web interact with each other.

47. Food ChainsPMR 06, PMR 2010

48. Pyramid of NumbersPMR 05, 06, 07, 2010 • A pyramid of numbers shows the number of organism at each link of the food chain. • From the base of the pyramid to the top • the number of organisms decrease • the size of the organisms increase • more energy is lost

49. What is photosynthesis? • The term photosynthesis comes from two root words photo, which means “light”, and synthesis, which means putting together. • Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use light to produce food. • Green plants manufacture glucose from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight in their chlorophyll. • Oxygen is released in the process. • The glucose is stored as starch in the plants.