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Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute

Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future Houston, Texas May 2-4, 2003. Drivers for Natural Gas Demand. Resource Abundance Overall Growth in Energy Demand Geopolitics of Oil

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Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute

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  1. Natural Gas Technologies For The Future Melanie Kenderdine Gas Technology Institute Energy and Nanotechnology: Strategy for the Future Houston, Texas May 2-4, 2003

  2. Drivers for Natural Gas Demand • Resource Abundance • Overall Growth in Energy Demand • Geopolitics of Oil • Inexpensive Power Generation • Environmental Benefits

  3. World Gas Consumption By Region, 1999 & 2020 Eastern Europe North America Ind. Asia Dev. Asia W. Europe Middle East Africa C./S. America 1999 2020 est. Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002

  4. % World Gas Reserves By Region 36 36 Eastern Europe North America 5 W. Europe 3 8 Middle East Asia & Oceania 4 8 C./S. America Africa 79% of the world’s gas reserves are in 12 countries Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002

  5. World Coal/Gas/Oil Consumption By Region, 1999/2020 Eastern Europe North America Ind. Asia W. Europe Middle East Dev. Asia C./S. America Africa Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002

  6. % World Oil/Gas/Coal Reserves By Region: Geopolitical Issues In Focus 57 36 27 North America 26 36 18 7 30 Eastern Europe W. Europe 5 9 3 8 3 Asia & Oceania 8 Middle East 4 2 8 C./S. America 6 6 Africa Coal Gas Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook, 2002 Oil

  7. Global Electricity Consumption: 75% Demand Increase by 2020

  8. Economics of New Baseload Electric Plant Costs Are Driving US Gas Demand

  9. % Increases in CO2 Emissions, 1999/2020 Eastern Europe +45% North America + 42% Ind. Asia +23% W. Europe +21% Dev. Asia +122% Middle East +72% C./S. America +139% Africa +140% Worldwide Carbon Emissions Expected to Increase 61%

  10. Technology Challenges for Natural Gas

  11. Challenge #1: Developing Conventional/ Unconventional Gas Resources Near Term Enhanced Drilling Enhance Seismic Techniques Reservoir Management Unconventional Gas Production Mid Term Ultradeep-Water Production Unconventional Gas Production from multiple sources Deep Drilling Advanced Coalbed Methane Long Term Methane Hydrates New Architecture for Ultradeep-water Production and Transport

  12. Countries With Coalbed Methane Development Programs United Kingdom Russia Canada United States China Ukraine Brazil Australia

  13. Location of World’s Known and Expected Methane Hydrate Deposits

  14. Methane Hydrates: Long Term Potential, Significant Hurdles • Enormous potential resource. USGS estimates that there are 320,000 tcf in the US. • Methane is 10 times more effective than CO2 in causing global warming. Impacts of methane hydrate production unknown. • Gas hydrates may cause landslides on the continental slope • Production methods unclear • Role in ecosystem not clearly understood

  15. Challenge #2: Accessing Stranded Natural Gas Resources Near Term LNG Infrastructure and Efficiency LNG Quality Gas to Liquids Mid Term Super Pipelines Floating LNG Production/ Regasification/ Storage GTL Compressed Natural Gas Transport Long Term Methane Hydrates Gas by Wire

  16. World’s Stranded Gas Reserves By Region and Amount $8 $11 $6 $6 $10 $6 $5 Import Markets Source: World LNG/GTL Review ($US Recent Price) 10-60 tcf 60-160 tcf 160-300 tcf 1500 tcf

  17. World’s LNG Facilities and Markets: Growing Regional and Global Markets Source: World LNG/GTL Review Proposed Facilities Existing Facilities Markets

  18. LNG Costs and Infrastructure Gas Production: ………………$ .30 - $1.30 Liquefaction: …………………..$1.00 - $2.50 Shipping………………………….$ .60 - $1.10 Regasification…………………...$ .40 - $1.50 TOTAL: $2.30 - $6.40 Source: GTI LNG Source Book, 2001 • 17 LNG Liquefaction (Export ) Terminals • 40 Regasification (Import) Terminals • 130 LNG Tankers (120 M Metric Ton Capacity) Source: University of Houston Institute for Energy Law & Enterprise

  19. R & D Needs for Liquefied Natural Gas: Lowering Cost, Increasing Flexibility • Floating LNG liquefaction/ regasification/ storage facilities • Subsea cryogenic pipelines for offloading product to onshore storage facilities • Use of salt caverns for LNG storage • Micro-LNG facilities

  20. Gas To Liquids Technology: Accessing Stranded Gas, Serving Middle Distillate Market Gas to Liquids technology enables us to bring stranded gas to markets by converting gas into high quality liquid fuels that can be transported to market in the existing petroleum infrastructure

  21. Gas To Liquids Technology: Reducing Capital Costs Capital costs of GTL have been reduced by 60% in last decade. Still, syngas step accounts for 60% of the capital costs. Research to address this cost: • Direct conversion from methane to desirable liquid hydrocarbon via catalytic oxidation • Catalysis improvements for indirect conversion • Plasma technology for conversion of natural gas into syngas before catalytic reaction • Ceramic membranes • Co-location with LNG plants

  22. Challenge #3: Extending the Resource Base By Developing Alternatives to Natural Gas Near Term Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Mid Term Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Enhanced Oil Recovery Biomass Gasification Solar Photovoltaics Long Term Hydrogen and Hydrogen Infrastructure Affordable Nuclear Power Plants With Manageable Waste

  23. Enhanced Oil Recovery Could Change the Geopolitics of Oil Canada 300 billion barrels heavy oil Venezuela 272 billion barrels heavy oil Saudi Arabia reserve estimates: 250 billion barrels Steve Holditch, SPE Conference, 2002

  24. EOR Technology Challenges to Produce Venezuelan/Canadian Heavy Oil Reserves • Evaluation of formations* • Special engineering* • New types of completion methods* • Significant hydraulic fracturing* • Horizontal and multi-branched well bores* • Advanced drilling technologies* + • Carbon sequestration • Desulfurization technologies *Steve Holditch, SPE Conference, 2002

  25. Anthracite/Bituminous Subbituminous/Lignite

  26. Coal/Biomass Gasification: Rivals Natural Gas in Environmental Quality • Produce hydrogen, ammonia,or synthetic natural gas from coal or biomass • High-efficiency production of electricity with no release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere • High-sulfur coal easily handled with GTI’s technology “Green Power From Coal”

  27. R &D Challenges for Commercial Coal or Coal/Biomass Gasification • Lowering of Cost -- $1200 per megawatt hr. compared to $900 for conventional coal fired plant • Membranes to separate oxygen from air for gasification process and hydrogen and CO2 from coal gas • Feeding and uniformity of feedstock • Improved gasifier designs • Advanced cleaning technologies • Recycling of solid wastes + • Carbon sequestration

  28. Challenge #4: More Efficient Use of Natural Gas/ Environmental Mitigation • Near Term • Power Generation • Gas Turbines • Distributed Generation • End Use Efficiency Mid Term Advanced Gas Turbines Large Scale Distributed Generation Fuel Cells Gas to Liquids Gasification Long Term Carbon Sequestration Super Batteries

  29. World’s 3 Major Auto Manufactures Moving To Low Sulfur Diesel Engines/Regulations US: 15 ppm 2006 EU: 50 ppm 2005 Germany: 10 ppm 2003 Japan: 50 ppm 2004 Global Diesel Market: 36 million barrels per day

  30. Environmental Regulations Could Drive Gas to Liquids Market 9% lower 30% lower 43% lower 45% lower Nitrogen Oxides Particulates Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Gas Derived Diesel Petroleum Derived Diesel

  31. Regional Supply/Demand Patterns Suggest Various Technology Pathways for Natural Gas LNG Infrastructure CNG Transport Unconventional/Ultra-deep Gas to Liquids Fuel Cells Hydrogen Methane Hydrates Enhanced Oil Recovery Renewables Infrastructure Improvements Super Pipelines/Pipelines Energy Efficiency LNG Coalbed Methane Methane Hydrates Ultra-deepwater Coalbed Methane LNG Efficiencies Methane Hydrates Fuel Cells Hydrogen Renewables Coal/Biomass Gasification Pipelines/Superpipelines LNG Efficiencies Coalbed Methane Energy Efficiency Methane Hydrates Ultra-deepwater Distributed Generation Gas-to-Liquids LNG Efficiencies Energy Efficiency Enhanced Oil Recovery Ultra-deepwater Development LNG CNG Transport Methane Hydrates Renewables Ultra-deepwater Distributed Generation Gas-to-Liquids LNG Efficiencies Energy Efficiency Coal Gasification Gas-to-Liquids Coalbed Methane Coal Gasification LNG Efficiencies All regions should invest in carbon sequestration

  32. Government R&D Expenditures in Select Countries for Nanotechnology US………….$700 M per year DOE…………………$197 M (Fy04 req) EU………….$600 M per year Japan………$1 B (2002) Taiwan……..$600 M per year

  33. Challenge #1: Developing Conventional/ Unconventional Gas Resources Near Term Enhanced Drilling Enhance Seismic Techniques Reservoir Management Unconventional Gas Production Coalbed Methane Mid Term Ultradeep- Water Production Unconventional Gas Production from Shales/Tight Sands/Deep Drilling Advanced Coalbed Methane Long Term Methane Hydrates New Architecture for Ultradeep-water Production and Transport Possible Nanotechnology Applications Advanced fluids mixed with nanosized particles to improve drill speed Nanosensors for reservoir characterization Removal of gas impurities via nano –separation Nanocrystalline substances for drilling materials

  34. Challenge #2: Accessing Stranded Natural Gas Resources Near Term LNG Infrastructure and Efficiency LNG Quality Gas to Liquids Mid Term Super Pipelines LNG GTL Compressed Natural Gas Transport Long Term Methane Hydrates Gas by Wire Possible Nanotechnology Applications Nanocatalysis for gas to liquids production Nanoscale membranes for gas to liquids production Nanostructured materials for compressed natural gas transport

  35. Challenge #3: Extending the Resource Base By Developing Alternatives to Natural Gas Possible Nanotechnology Applications Nanotubes for fuel cell cars Nanocatalysis for coal liquefaction Nanocomposites for hydrogen storage Nanosensors for reservoir characterization Filters for more efficient ethanol processing Near Term Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Mid Term Coal Gasification Coal Liquefaction Enhanced Oil Recovery Biomass Gasification Solar Photovoltaics Long Term Hydrogen and Hydrogen Infrastructure Affordable Nuclear Power Plants With Manageable Waste

  36. Challenge #4: More Efficient Use of Natural Gas/ Environmental Mitigation • Near Term • Power Generation • Gas Turbines • Distributed Generation • End Use Efficiency Mid Term Advanced Gas Turbines Large Scale Distributed Generation Fuel Cells Gas to Liquids Gasification Long Term Carbon Sequestration Super Batteries Possible Nano-technology Applications Nano-crystals or photo catalysts to speed up the breakdown of toxic wastes Nano-scale coatings for more efficient catalytic conversion Nano-structure catalysts to remove pollutants/ impurities from natural gas Nanocrystalline materials for water treatment Polymeric nano-particles to remove pollution from catalytic conversion

  37. Nanotechnology: Avoid the “Valley of Death” • Maximize interdisciplinary collaboration • Involve industry as stakeholders • Utilize university research capability • Leverage federal/national labs • Emphasize pre-competitive results • Include studies on technology choices/ down selection & technology migration Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sep/ 29,2000

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