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Chapter 43 Mammals

Chapter 43 Mammals. Section 4 Primates & Human Origins. Primate Characteristics. Prehensile appendages- hands, feet, and tails can grasp Large brain- allows for complex skills- interacting socially, parental care, using hands, interpreting visual information

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Chapter 43 Mammals

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  1. Chapter 43Mammals Section 4 Primates & Human Origins

  2. Primate Characteristics • Prehensile appendages- hands, feet, and tails can grasp • Large brain- allows for complex skills- interacting socially, parental care, using hands, interpreting visual information • Acute color vision- forward facing eyes for depth perception

  3. Primate Characteristics • Generalist teeth- herbivorous and omnivorous diet • Communication- facial and vocal structure • Infant care- infants require care- usually one pair of mammary glands on the chest

  4. Primate Characteristics • Manual dexterity- opposable thumbs, flattened nails protect finger pads • Social organization- live in social groups • Characteristic skeletal structure- sit upright, cling to trees

  5. Anthropoids • Anthropoid primates- gibbon- New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans • Adaptations: rotating shoulder, elbow joints, opposable thumb- can touch other fingers • Grasping feet

  6. New World monkeys- orangeOld World monkeys- red

  7. Anthropoids • Humans, apes, and Old World monkeys- similar dental structures • Anthropoids have a larger brain structure • Great apes- orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans

  8. Anthropoids • DNA sequence- humans are more closely related to chimpanzee than chimpanzee related to gorilla • DNA & fossil evidence suggest that humans and chimps share a common ancestor • Humans did NOT descend from chimps- evolved from common ancestor

  9. Modern Humans • Bipedalism- tendency to walk upright on two legs • Bowl-shaped human pelvis • S-shaped spine • Toes are aligned • Large brain, smaller jaw • Apes communicate & humans reason with communication

  10. Hominids • Hominids- humans and extinct humanlike anthropoid species • Bipedalism • All other primates are quadrupedal

  11. Fossil Hominids • Paleontologists & anthropologists (scientists who study humans) found fossil evidence of humanlike species • 1974- Afar Valley region of Africa by Donald Johanson and colleagues founded a bipedal fossil of early human ancestor

  12. Australopithecines • Australopithecus afarensis- “Lucy” • Additional fossils of Lucy have been discovered in the same area • Australopithecines- subfamily

  13. Many Hominid Species • 1995- Mary Leakey- found Australopithecus afarensis • Similar to Lucy and chimpanzees

  14. Humans • Humans- extinct and living members of this genus (Homo)

  15. Homo habilis & Homo erectus • 1960s- hominid skull- larger brain capacity than Lucy- Homo habilis • Homo erectus- (“upright human”)- brain capacity of 2/3 modern human size- scientists think these were the first humans to travel out of Africa

  16. Homo sapiens & Homo neanderthalensis • Neanderthals- Europe & Asia • Lived in caves & made tools out of stone • May have interacted with Homo sapiens • H. Sapiens- first humans- France (first fossil)

  17. Modern Humans • Mitochondrial DNA suggests humans originated from Africa • Interbreeding of humans helped populate the world full of the human race

  18. REVIEW!!! • Identify which characteristics humans share with primates and which are unique to humans. • What kind of evidence shows that chimpanzees are the closest living relatives of humans?

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