Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e

1. Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter One: The Meeting of Cultures

2. America Before Columbus • The Civilizations of the South • Incas: Cuzco, Machu Picchu • Modern day Peru • Mayans: Mayapan • Central America, Yucatan Peninsula • Aztecs: Tenochtitlan • Mexico The Mayan Pyramid of Kukulkan(Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

3. America Before Columbus • The Civilizations of the North • Complex and Varied Civilizations  •  Mobile Societies • No large empires or political systems like Incas, Mayas, or Aztecs

4. Europe Looks Westward   • Commerce and Nationalism • A Reawakening of Commerce • Century following Bubonic plague provided population rebound, with such growth came a rise in land values. Marco Polo leaves for the Far East (Bibliothèque Nationale de France)

5. Chapter One: The Meeting of Cultures • Commerce and Nationalism • A Reawakening of Commerce • Century following Bubonic plague provided population rebound, with such growth came a rise in land values. • Centralized Nation-States • New nations began to rise that were more powerful than the weak feudal lords of the past. • Strong monarch emerged with centralized nations, courts, armies, and tax systems.

6. Prince Henry the Navigator • Portuguese monarch • Actually sought to explore African coast and develop a Christian empire • After his death, his crew continued further past the Cape of Good Hope and opened routes to India.

7. Europe Looks Westward   • Christopher Columbus • Columbus’s First Voyage • Italian by birth, trained by Portuguese mariners, but didn’t receive funding • Eventually convinced Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to sponsor his trip Christopher Columbus(Library of Congress)

8. Europe Looks Westward   • Amerigo Vespucci • First explorer to record trip to new world and recognize it as a new place. • Also sailed for Portugal • Ferdinand Magellan • Sailed south around the Straits of Magellan • First to discover the Pacific Ocean

9. Europe Looks Westward   • The Conquistadores • Cortés Conquers the Aztecs • First conquest of the capital was a failure, but they unknowingly exposed them to smallpox • Viewing this as an act of god, they brutally ruled them • Francisco Pizarro • Conquered the Incas and revealed the wealth of Gold that could be found in the new world. • Hernando de Soto • Deputy of Pizarro, explored what is today Florida. The first European east of the Mississippi River.

10. Spanish America • Ordinances of Discovery • Military conquest of the Americas, conquistadores sought Gold and wealth • For 300 years the Spanish settlements yielded more than 10 times the gold of than the rest of the world combined. Spanish America

11. Spanish America • Second Phase of Spanish Development • Once gold refinery dwindled the new wave of conquest turned to agricultural development. • Developed European elements of civilization • Permanently altered the landscape and social structure of the Americas. • Catholic Missions • Adhering to the church, Ferdinand and Isabella required Catholicism as only religion of new establishments • Most established missions were connected with military garrisons called Presidios where they combined economic and military power.

12. Northern Outposts • St. Augustine • 1565: First settlement in present day U.S. • Military outpost and administrative center for Franciscan Monks. • Onate in New Mexico • Established settlement with Pueblos and built agricultural wealth through cattle trade on ranchos. • Peaceful cohabitation with natives until Catholic priests forced complete native conversion. • Led to Revolt of 1680

13. The Empire at High Tide • Vast lands • By end of the 16th Century Spanish lands would stretch from California through Central America, Florida, and eventually Brazil • Little ability of Spanish lords to form political groups apart from the Crown, unlike later British Colonies.

14. The Meeting of Cultures • Biological and Cultural Exchanges • Increasing Levels of Exchange • Demographic Catastrophe • Deliberate Subjugation and Extermination • Since native societies were actually highly advanced, the Europeans used brutal tactics to put down the threat. • New Crops and Agricultural Techniques • A Complex Racial Hierarchy • Reasons for Intermarriage

15. Africa and America • Between 1500 and 1800 over half of the new arrivals in the Americas were from Africa. Inset from Map of Africa and Americas (Library of Congress) 1633 Map of Atlantic (Royalty-Free/CORBIS)

16. Africa and America • African Society • Highly sophisticated, especially in places like Ghana and Mali, centers of trade • Matrilineal societies with significant sexual equality • Elaborate social hierarchy • Priests and nobles, farmers, traders, craftsmen, slaves • African Slavery • Not permanent, still had rights, not inherited • Much different than in America • Need for laborers on sugar cane plantations created initial African slave trade. • By 1700 it was a thriving business.

17. The Arrival of the English • Search for a Northwest Passage • John Cabot arrived roughly 5 years after Columbus • The Commercial Incentive • Increased demand for wool caused many landlords to pasture their fields rather than grow crops.  • No more jobs for tenant Farmers. Wasdale Head, Cumbria, England(Royalty-Free / CORBIS)

18. The Commercial Incentive • Surplus population • Unemployed beggars caused problems, and since fewer crops were grown England did not have enough food to feed the people. • Chartered Companies • Groups of merchants acquired charters from the monarch allowing them to finance trips to new world and in turn reap benefits of such colonies. • Mercantilism • Belief that a nation always builds wealth at the expense of other nations.

19. The Religious Incentive • Protestant Reformation • 1517 Martin Luther challenge basic beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church. • English Reformation • Began as a dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope. • Long struggle between Catholics and Protestants for control of England “Bloody Mary” & Queen Elizabeth

20. Religious Incentive • Puritan Separatists • Religious radicals that believed they should break from the Catholic Church completely and free to worship as they wished. • Against the law • Puritan Discontent • James I became the first Stuart to obtain the throne and refused to compromise with Puritans in any way, favoring the Catholics.

21. English roots in Ruling others • The English in Ireland • Irish use of Gaelic/Catholic culture caused the English to view them as wild and ignorant “savages”. • The English refused to believe the Irish could be included in civilized culture, and learned their role as colonizers from their treatment of the Irish. • Plantation Model • English gov’t sought to create plantations of English society in new lands, and remain separate from any natives they controlled.

22. French and Dutch in America • Quebec – First French settlement • Few French Catholics felt the need to come, and Protestants were forbidden • Coureurs de Bois: • French fur traders developed a close relationship with natives • Aspect of colonization unique to the French New Amsterdam preacher (Library of Congress)

23. Dutch in America • Henry Hudson: • Englishman employed by the Dutch, sailed up the Hudson River • Because it was so wide,he thought he had finally found the Nothwest passage to the Pacific • He was wrong, and his crew’s mutiny near Hudson Bay left him for dead. • New Amsterdam • Dutch settlement in the America’s on what is today New York.

24. The First English Colonies • Gilbert’s Expedition to Newfoundland • Humphrey Gilbert, friend of Queen Elizabeth, received permission to build in the unclaimed territories. • Upon looking for a place to build his military outpost, his ship was lost at sea. • Roanoke • Sir Walter Raleigh, Gilbert’s half brother, organized an expedition a year later. • They settled on a small island off the coast of Virginia • In 1590 the group’s leader, John White, returned to England for supplies • Conflicts with Spain delayed his return for 3 years. • When he finally returned the colony had been abandoned.