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Transmission Pathways: Vectors and the Environment

Transmission Pathways: Vectors and the Environment. February 4 th , 2010. Vectors of disease. Vectors are arthropods Mosquitoes Flies Ticks Fleas Organisms can multiply inside the vector Vector is not harmed Sometimes animals are involved in vector transmission cycles.

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Transmission Pathways: Vectors and the Environment

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  1. Transmission Pathways: Vectors and the Environment February 4th, 2010

  2. Vectors of disease • Vectors are arthropods • Mosquitoes • Flies • Ticks • Fleas • Organisms can multiply inside the vector • Vector is not harmed • Sometimes animals are involved in vector transmission cycles

  3. Transmission cycles • Sylvatic cycle • Takes place in environment without humans present • Vector-animal-vector • Humans interrupt this cycle, get infected • Sometimes we are a dead-end host • Plague

  4. Transmission cycles • Urban cycle • Takes place in populated human settlements • Vectors live in urban areas • Standing water • Transmission is vector-human-vector • Yellow fever • The urban and sylvatic cycles can exist side by side • The existence of the sylvatic cycle can make the urban cycle difficult to control • The organisms involved in each cycle can be genetically distinct from each other

  5. Vector borne bacteria • Lyme disease • Borrelia burgdorferi • Ticks • Plague • Yersinia pestis • Rodent fleas • Is an endemic, zoonotic disease • People intrude on the natural transmission cycle

  6. Vector borne bacteria • Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Rickettsia rickettsii • Ticks • Tularemia • Francisella tularensis • Ticks

  7. Vector borne parasites • Filariasis • Parasitic worm • Wucheria Bancrofti • Mosquitos: Aedes, Culex, Anopheles • Leishmaniasis • Protozoan parasite • Genus Leishmania • Sandflies

  8. Vector borne parasites • Malaria • Protozoan • Plasmodium • Mosquitos: Anopheles • Sleeping sickness and Chaga’s Disease • hemoflagellates • Trypanosoma • Tsetse fly

  9. Vector-borne viruses • Dengue fever • Mosquitoes: Aedes agypti • Two transmission cycles • Urban (human-mosquito-human) • Sylvatic (monkey-mosquito-monkey) • Yellow fever • Yellow fever virus (flavivirus) • Mosquitoes: Aedes • Also transmits via urban and sylvatic cycles

  10. Control of vector-borne disease • Control of vectors • Getting rid of vector habitats and breeding grounds • Urban dengue • Eliminating sources of infection • Getting rid of infection in individuals so they are no longer sources • Mass drug treatment: filariasis • Vaccination: yellow fever

  11. Control of vector-borne disease • Prevention of biting on individual level • Insecticide treated bednets • Skin application of repellents • Malaria • Prevention of biting on community level • Insecticide treated bednets • Indoor residual spraying • Malaria

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