Anatomy of the Central Nervous System

1. Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Pharmacy Biomedical Preview July 7, 2015 Jeremy J. McLemore Howard University College of Pharmacy Pharm D Candidate, Class of 2017 APhA | SNPhA | ASHP | ΦΛΣ | KΨ

2. Comparison by Species

3. Notable Differences Size Sulci Gyri Orientation

4. Anatomical Orientations Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

5. Terminology • Ganglia vs nucleus • Tract vs nerve • White matter vs grey matter • Medial vs lateral • Ipsilateral vs contralateral • Planes of section • Coronal • Sagittal • Horizontal (axial) • Tangential

7. Central vs Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA. http://www.warriorpages.com/anatomyqigong/anatomy/nervous.html

8. Major divisions of the CNS • Cerebral Cortex • Diencephalon • Brain Stem • Cerebellum Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

9. Cerebral Cortex • Composed of “grey” and “white” matter • Organ of information processing • Divided into hemispheres by one longitudinal fissure • Also divided into 4 distinct lobes

10. Grey vs. White Matter

12. Cerebral cortex is convoluted, creating sulci (grooves) and gyri (bumps) • These foldings are • fairly well preserved across individuals • functionally segregated (Brodmann’s areas) • used as landmarks to partition the cerebral cortex into lobes Lateral Surface Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

13. Localization

15. Diencephalon • Located between the cerebral cortex and brain stem • Consists of 3 distinct parts

16. Thalamus • Sensory relay center between brain stem and cortex • Consciousness, sleep, alertness

17. Epithalamus • Houses the pineal gland which secretes melatonin • Thought to control emotion and house certain motor pathways

18. Hypothalamus • Interacts with pituitary gland to regulate metabolic and endocrine function

19. Brain Stem • Controls vital functioning • Midbrain • Motor control, vision, alertness, temperature • Pons • Motor coordination relay center • Sleep, swallowing, taste, facial movement • Medulla • Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, blood pressure

20. Cerebellum • Coordinates sensory input with muscular responses (does not initiate movement) • Decerebrate Cat

21. Posterior View of Cerebellum

22. Peripheral Nervous System

23. Peripheral Nervous System • Components outside of the central nervous system • Sensory receptors, ganglia, motor endings, peripheral nerves • Bridge from our CNS to the external environment • Point of communication for PNS?

24. Sensory Division • Structures specialized for stimulus response • DepolarizationSignaltrasmission • Processing occurs where? • Efferent vs Afferent fibers

25. 5 Types of Sensory Receptors • Chemoreceptor-taste, smell • Mechanoreceptor-touch, pressure, vibration • Nociceptor-pain • Photoreceptor-light energy • Thermoreceptor-temperature

26. Sensation Vs. Perception

27. Sensation Vs. Perception • Sensation, mediated by the PNS, is the body’s awareness of change in the internal or external environment • Perception, mediated by the CNS, is the conscious interpretation of stimuli

28. Motor Division • Project outside the CNS to control muscles of the body and are thus considered efferent. • Divided into somatic and autonomic

30. Ventral surface (cut at midbrain) Peel back temporal lobe to expose insular cortex and transverse temporal gyri Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

31. Midsagittal view reveals midline structures, subcortical areas and interhemispheric pathways Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

32. Cerebellum tonsil Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

33. Middle cerebellar peduncle Superior cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

34. 12 cranial nerves responsible for the sensory, motor and autonomic function of the face area as well as descending pathways involved in autonomic function Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

35. CN I – Olfaction • CN II – Vision • CN III, IV, VI – Eye movements • CN V – Sensation from the face/oral cavity/teeth and muscles of mastication • CN VII – Muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue • CN VIII – Auditory and vestibular • CN IX – Pharyngeal musculature, salivary glands, taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue • CN X – Major visceral sensory/motor nerve, pharyngeal musculature, taste from back of throat • CN XI – Neck and shoulder muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius) • CN XII – Tongue muscles

36. Organization of the spinal cord • Cervical (7 vertebra, 8 nerves) • Thoracic (12 vertebra, 12 nerves) • Lumbar (5 lumbar vertebra, 5 nerves) • Sacrum/coccyx (5 sacral nerves and 1 coccygeal)

37. Ventricles Lateral View Choroid plexus within the ventricular system makes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) CSF diffuses within the ventricles and central canal to the subarachnoid space (via foramen of Magendie and Luschka) eventually dumping into the venous system via sinuses Superior View Fundamental Neuroscience for Basic and Clinical Applications, D.E. Haines (editor), 3rd edition, 2006, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier Publishing, Philadelphia, PA.

38. questions?