DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

1. SCIENCE PROJECT WORK DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS By - Dolly Gohel IX A

2. PROJECT EVALUATION PERFORMA STUDENT'S NAME DOLLY GOHEL CLASS IX A SCIENCE SUBJECT 9102 ROLL NO.

3. In order to make relevant groups to study the variety of life forms, we need to decide which characteristics decide more fundamental differences among organisms. The method of arranging organisms into groups or sets on the basis of similarities and differences is called CLASSIFICATION.

4. Classification is done by naming the sub-groups at various levels as given- Kingdom Phylum/Division Class Order Family Genus Species The classification which is proposed by WHITTAKER has Five Kingdoms Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia NOTE : PHYLUM is used for animal groups & DIVISION is used for plant groups.

5. MONERA Monera are relatively simple unicellular organism, such as bacterium,characterized by the absence of a nucleus and other specialized cell structures. Some of their special features are- 1 They don't have nucleus or organelles. 2 They don't have cell wall. 3 Their mode of nutrition are- *Heterotrophic *Autotrophic In 1990 American microbiologist Carl Woese proposed that bacteria be divided into two groups, archaebacteriaand bacteria based on their structural and physiological differences. Archaebacteria consist of a small group of primitive anaerobes -organisms that do not require oxygen. They are found in a narrow range of habitats—often in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents on the deep ocean floor. In contrast, bacteria live in a wide range of environments with or without oxygen, at various temperatures, and at various levels of acidity. Some examples are – Bacteria & Anabaena

6. Prokaryotes include the archaebacteria and bacteria. Shown here are two types of bacteria. On the left is a cyanobacteria, called an autotroph, or self-feeder, because it carries out photosynthesis and produces its own food. On the right is a species of Salmonella, which must ingest organic compounds and so is called a heterotroph, or other feeder. The numerous flagella seen here enable Salmonella to move through the intestinal tracts of animals, where they can cause the food-borne illness salmonellosis.

7. PROTISTA Protista are group of comparatively simple organisms, called protists, that have characteristics of both plants and animals. Like plants, many species of protistas can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Like animals, many protistas can move around on their own. Unlike plants and animals, however, protistas do not have cells organized into specialized tissues. Most protistas are unicellular, and can only be seen with a microscope, although there are some that are composed of more than one cell. There is a wide variety of protistas, and they inhabit many different environments—fresh water, seawater, soils, and the intestinal tracts of animals, where they perform crucial digestive processes. All protistas are eukaryotes. This means that their cells contain a nucleus, a membrane-bounded structure that encloses the cell’s genetic material. Although most protists have a single nucleus, protists are unique in that some contain multiple nuclei—up to ten thousand in a single cell—and others, such as ciliates have two different-sized nuclei in a single cell. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of protists is organized in long molecules called chromosomes within the nucleus. When the cell divides, these chromosomes replicate and then divide in a process called mitosis. Among some protists, the nuclear membrane stays intact during mitosis, whereas in plants, animals, and fungi the nuclear membrane breaks down.

8. Some of its special features are – 1 They are unicellular eukaryotic organisms 2 They have cilia or whip like flagella 3 Their mode of nutrition are * autotrophic * heterotrophic Some of its examples are – Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena

9. AMOEBA EUGLENA PARAMECIUM

10. FUNGI Fungusis a member of a diverse group of organisms that—unlike plantsand animals—obtain food by absorbing nutrients from an external source. different types of fungi grow on and absorb food from substances such as soil, wood, decaying organic matter, or living plants and other organisms. Fungi perform activities essential to the functioning of all natural ecosystems. They are among the foremost decomposers of organic matter, breaking down plant and animal remains and wastes into their chemical components. As such, fungi play a critical role in the recycling of minerals and carbon. Fungi’s value to humankind is inestimable. Common fungi include mushrooms, puffballs, truffles, yeasts, and most mildews, as well as various plant and animal pathogens (disease agents), such as plantrusts and smuts. Some of their common features are- 1 They are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. 2 They use decaying material as food and are calledSAPROPHYTES. 3 They have capacity to become multicellular organisms at certain stages of life. 4 They have cell walls made of though complex sugar calledCHITIN. 5 They live in permanent mutually dependent relationship with cyanobacteria.Such relations are calledSYMBIOTIC. Some of its examples are – Aspergillus, Penicillium,Agaricus,Crustose,Paramelia, Fruticose.

11. ASPERGILUS

12. PENICILLIUM

13. AGARICUS

14. PLANTAE Plantae include all organisms which are multi-cellular, eukaryotic and green autotrophs.In this group plants are divided on their special features as given above- PLANTS ! _________________ ! ! Do not have differentiated Have differentiated plant body plant body ! ! THALLOPHYTA _______________ ! ! Without specialised With specialised vascular tissue vascular tissue ! ! BRYOPHYTA _____________ ! _____________ ! ! Don't produce seeds Produce seeds- PTERIDOPHYTA PHANEROGRAM

15. Produce seeds ! __________ ! ! Bear naked Bear seeds inside seeds Fruits ! ! GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS ! __________________ ! ! Have seeds with Have seeds with two cotyledons one cotyledon ! ! DICOTS MONOCOTS

16. THALLOPHYTA Thallophyta includes those organisms that don’t have differentiated plant bodies. Some of their special features are- 1 They are non flowering. 2 These organisms are predominantly aquatic. 3 They lack tissues or organs. 4 During growing season, asexual reproduction is through spore formation. They have been reclassified, variously, as algae and fungi. Thallophytes are characterized by the simple nature of their structure, an undifferentiated thallus that has no root, stem, or leaves. Some of its examples are- Spirogyra,Ulothrix,Cladaphora,Chara,Ulva

17. SPIROGYRA

18. ULVA

19. ULOTHRIX

20. CLADOPHORA

21. BRYOPHYTA Bryophyta includes those organisms that don’t have specialised vascular tissue. They are called ‘AMPHIBIANS OF PLANTS‘ because they are the first plants to live on land and in water. Some of their excusive features are as follows- 1 Their body is differentiated to form stem, root and leaf-like structure. 2 These plants occur mostly in moist and shaded habitats. 3 The plant body is Thallus which remains fixed to the substratum by hair like structures called RHIZOIDS. 4 Some of their examples are- Riccia,Marchantia,Funaria,Anthoceros,Mosses

22. RICCIA

23. MARCHANTIA

24. FUNARIA

25. ANTHOCERES

26. PTERIDOPHYTA Pteridophyta includes those organisms that 1 Differentiated into roots, stem and leaves 2 Have specialised tissue for conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another 3 They constitute the largest living group of primitive vascular plants. 4 They are mainly found in shady or damp places. 5 These plants have flowers and don't produce seeds. 6 Some of its examples- Marsilea,Ferns and Horse tails.

27. MARSILEA

28. FERNS

29. GYMNOSPERMS Plants are furthur classified on basis whether the seeds are naked or enclosed in fruits,giviing us two groups 1 Gymnosperms 2 Angiosperms Some of characteristics features of gymnosperms are- 1 they bear naked seeds. 2 they are evergreen, perennial and woody. 3 they are either shrubs, trees or rarely vines. 4 there are about 70 genera and 600 species of living gymnosperms. 5 Gymnosperms are contained in four phyla: Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Pinophyta, and Gnetophyta. 6 some examples are – Pinus,Cycus

30. PINUS

31. ANGIOSPERMS • This group includes those organisms, which produce seeds. this group is • furthur classified on the basis whether they have one cotyledon or more. • This gives us two more groups • Monocots - have one cotyledon • Dicots - have two or more cotyledons • Main features of angiosperms are- • 1 they are highly evolved seed bearing plants. • 2 they are most common flowering plants. • 3 they are divisible into stem, roots and leaves. • 4 they develop seed inside an organ which modify to become a fruit. • 5 some examples- paphiopedilum,Ipomoea

32. IPOMOEA

33. PAPHIOPEDILUM

34. ANIMALIA PORIFERA The word porifera means organisms with holes.Poriferas are 1 non-motile animals attached to some solid support. 2 they have a canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen. 3 they have hard outer layer or skeleton. 4 have minimal differentiation and division into tissues. 5 they are mainly called SPONGES and are found in marine habitats. 6 Examples- Euplectelea,Sycon,Spongilla

35. SPONGILLA

36. COELENTERATA Coelenterata are animals living in water. They show more body differentiation. 1 the body is made up of two layers of cells. 2 the species live in colonies while others have solitary span. 3 the mouth is surrounded by long tentacles. 4 they don't possess any coelem. 5 all cnidarians are aquatic mostly marine. 6 Examples – Physalia,Obelia,Aurelia,Pennatula,Fungia,Metridium,Hydra Sea anemone

37. PHYSALIA

38. OBELIA COLONY

39. METRIDIUM

40. SEA ANEMONE

41. HYDRA

42. PLATYHELMINTHES Platyhelminthes are supposed to have evolved from a coelenterata,which underwent a change from the radial to billatery symmetry. Some of their characteristics- 1 They are complexly designed. 2 The body is bilaterally symmetrical. 3 The body is triploblastic. 4 There is no true body cavity or coelem. 5 The body is flattened and thus called FLATWORMS. 6 They are free living or parasitic. 7 Their systems are more developed than the other lower organisms. 8 Some of the examples are –Planaria,Liverfluke,Tape worm

43. LIVERFLUKE

44. TAPEWORM

45. NEMATODA Nematoda comprises the round worm. Comprises about 15,000 species. Some of their characteristics features are- 1 The body is billatery symmetrical and triploblastic. 2 The body is cylindrical rather than flattened. 3 They have no true body organs, although a sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelem. 4 They causes elephantiasis. 5 They are found as parasites on aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals. 6 Some of the examples- Ascaris,Wuchereria

46. ASCARIS

47. WUCHERERIA

48. ANNELIDA Name of phylum annelida was first coined by LAMARCK(1801) for the higher segmented worms.Appearence of metamerism represents their greatest Advancement, so they are called a Segmented worms. Characteristics features are- 1 The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic. 2 They have a true body cavity. 3 They have extensive organ differentiation. 4 This differentiation occur in segmented fashion. 5 This animals are found in variety of habitats. 6 Examples- Nereis,Earthworm,Leech

49. NEREIS

50. EARTHWORM