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The upper course of the river

The upper course of the river. What are the main processes that operate in the upper course? What landforms occur in the upper course of a river? How are the landforms created?. Learning objectives. How does a river change from source to mouth?.

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The upper course of the river

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  1. The upper course of the river • What are the main processes that operate in the upper course? • What landforms occur in the upper course of a river? • How are the landforms created? Learning objectives

  2. How does a river change from source to mouth?

  3. How does a river change from source to mouth….. • Play the game….

  4. How does the channel cross section change as you move from the source to the mouth? • Why does it change in this way?

  5. Exam practice

  6. Watch the video of the upper course of a river…. When complete you will be undertaking the following activities: • Describe characteristics of the upper course of the river? • What processes are happening? • What landforms are found? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DI2DocEw_So

  7. Landforms in the upper course • V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs • Rapids • Waterfalls river disappears from view hidden by this spur of land River Conwy (near Mignant Moor)

  8. Why do V-shaped valleys occur?

  9. Interlocking spurs In the upper course the river does not have a huge amount of energy to erode as it does not have a high discharge and it has to transport large pieces of sediment. When the river meets areas of harder rock that are difficult to erode it winds around them. A series of hills form on either side of the river called spurs. As the river flows around these hills they become interlocked. So, a series of interlocking spurs are often found in the upper course of a river valley.

  10. Techniques! – 1. Fieldsketching…. Produce an annotatedfieldsketch to show that this is part of an upland river valley.

  11. Waterfalls! Seljalandsfoss, SW Iceland

  12. Waterfall formation

  13. Waterfalls

  14. How does a waterfall form? Rearrange the stages of formation into the correct order:

  15. Waterfalls Draw and annotate a diagram to explain the formation of a waterfall. • Suggested labels: • More resistant rock • Less resistant rock • Plunge Pool • Unsupported rock • Fallen rocks • Gorge Your labels should contain detailed explanations!

  16. WATERFALL RETREATS . . OVERHANG PLUNGE POOL UNDERCUTTING OF SOFT ROCK UPSTREAM . .

  17. River load in upper course Why are they rounded?

  18. River load in upper course Why are they rounded? Boulders are large and semi-rounded, due to attritionwithin the loadand abrasion with the stream bed and banks

  19. Skills (paper 1) linked to rivers

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