Management

1. Management • Good Management Practices is ... Sustainable Profitable Environmentally friend Acceptable to farmer and communities • PDC A พรหมวิหาร 4 : ฉันทะ(พอใจในสิ่งที่ทำ) วิริยะ (เพียร พยายามทำให้เต็มที่) จิตตะ (ใส่ใจในสิ่งที่ทำ) วิมังสา (คิดทบทวนให้รอบคอบ)

2. Management • 3 M • Materials • Money • Man • as objectives or vision or strategic planning • Plan (data, experience & knowledge) • Do • Check • Act

3. Pasture management การจัดการทุ่งหญ้า • What is pasture management ? • Pasture = land + forage for cattle production • Management = doing + systems (or components) + productivity • Economic concern = input - output = profit • Objectives • High animal production • Sustainability of the resources & system

4. CO2 N2 Solar energy Atmosphere Animal Plant / Forages Animal product Land / soil Water Minerals

5. Animal production • animal production / area = animal production/ head X no. of animal • animal production / head eg . milk/head/lactation, live weight gain /head/day etc. depends on • genetics or breed • animal husbandary and hygine • feed of optimum quantity & quality • no. of animal vs carrying capacity

6. Agricultural systems for pasture in SE. Asia • Paddy areas • Field crop areas • Fruit plantations • Permanent trees eg. rubber, oil plam, coconut • Idle land or wasteland • Backyard

7. Land area suitable for pasture • Typically less productive land will be allocated to pasture • Topography • Water & climatic conditions • Road or accessibility • Land use history • Soil fertility • Availability of labour • Market for animal & its products

8. Type of pasture and fodder crops • Grass for permanent grazing pasture : ruzi, para (mauritius), guinea, cori, signal, humidicola etc. • Grass for cut and carry system : napier, guatemala, hybrid napier, and sorghum etc. • Natural grasses : Paspulum, Axonopus, Panicumrepens, Chloris, Love grass (Chrysopogon) • Plant residues : rice straw, corn stubble, sugar cane, pine apple, legume wines etc. • Legumes : leuacaena, verano stylo, centro, desmodium • Field crops :cassava, corn, sorghum, soybean • Molasses and other industrial by-products

9. Pasture establishment • planting materials • vegetative propagation : cutting, tillering • nursery plot 1 : 10 -20 after grown for 4 - 5 months • seed propagation • good seed quality in hand • land and soil preparation • season

10. Land preparation • whole project area • considered paddock and type of enterprise • road and accessibility • waterway and drinking water • shelter • right season • good soil preparation prevent soil erosion

11. Seed sowing • seed quality • % germination • % purity • % pure live seed (PLS) • % moisture • seedling vigor • hardseediness • seed rate • sowing methods • Rhizobium inoculation

12. Sowing and planting • right season • moisture • less weed competition • uniform distribution of seed • fertilizer requirement (basal fertilizer)

13. Botanical composition • Grass • sown grass • native or natural grass • Weeds (broadleaf or narrow leaf) • Legumes • sown legume • native or natural legume • live (green) vsdead materials of plant parts (leaf, stem, flower head ect. )

14. How to determine botanical composition ? • weight, frequency, cover, dominant index • Why legumes ? • good quality feed • improve soil fertility • 10 - 40 % legumes + 90 - 60 % grasses

15. Efficiency of pasture management • amount of pasture grown / unit input eg. land, money, water, fertilizer ect. • amount of pasture eaten / unit of pasture grown • amount of animal product / unit of eaten pasture • 1 X 2 X 3 = animal production from pasture