Cultural Competency

1. Cultural Competency Integrating Differences into Community Services

2. Objectives • Understand Stigma. • Understand Culture Competency. • Learn Culturally competent care for people with Mental Health, IDD and Addictions.

3. Some important definitions Related to Cultural Competency

4. StigmaDefinitions from the U. of Chicago PSR Training Manual “Stigmas are negative attitudes about a group that lead to depriving them of some fair opportunities.”

5. Stereotypesfrom The Asian Health Coalition of Illinois Stereotypes are exaggerated beliefs or fixed ideas about a person or group which is held by people and sustained by selective perception and selective forgetting.

6. Prejudicefrom The Asian Health Coalition of Illinois Prejudice is a preconceived idea or negative attitude formed before the facts are known and sustained over generations. A bias without reason, resisting all evidence…

7. Discriminationfrom The Asian Health Coalition of Illinois Discrimination refers to treatment in favor or against a person based on the group to which that person belongs and not on merit.

8. People are often stigmatized by: • Mental Illness • Intellectual Developmental Disability • Physical Disability (including blindness, deafness) • Alcoholism /and or Drug Addiction • HIV or AIDS, Cancer or other terminal illnesses • Criminal behavior • Poverty • Alternative Lifestyles/sexual orientation • Wheelchair bound • Gender • Obesity

9. “Different” people are “Stigmatized” IDD inmates in a sanitorium in Germany

10. All our Consumers belong to stigmatized groups!

11. We live in an worldwhich often separates us. • Racism • Sexism • Ageism • Feminism • Classism • Atheism

12. Culture from King,et. al The Office of Special Programs, U.S. Dept. of Education “The integrated patterns of human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs,values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups.”

13. The Bottom Line:People are different, even within their own culture! These differences matter when planning and providing services.

14. Here at Hill Country MHDDC Consumers are very diverse in their language and culture.

15. How Can We Communicate? • Think Language first! • Do we need an interpreter? • Communicate respectfully. • Be sensitive to the consumer and the family. • Consider your dress, tone of voice, eye contact, location, seating arrangement, privacy, etc.

16. Religion • Religious beliefs shape how the world is viewed. • Is illness a punishment? The devil’s work? An evil spell? Bad karma? • For Hispanics, the curandero is a trusted healer. • For Lakota Sioux, the ritual Vision Quest, praying and fasting at a holy site is life changing.

17. Treatment Issues of Mentally Challenged • People need to have meaningful activity and purpose in their lives. • People need to feel acknowledged and appreciated. • People need safety, structure, and security. • Lack of continuity can cause crisis! • They may need vocational assistance.

18. How Do We Best Serve Our Consumers? • Examine own stereotypes. • Build trust. • Use People First language!

19. How do we best serve our consumers? • Pronounce the person’s name correctly. • Get an interpreter, if necessary. • Educate yourself from the consumer, his family, co-workers, etc. • Remember differences do matter!

20. Cultural Diversity and Health Care Cultural Competence – Definition A set of congruent behaviors, practices, attitudes and policies that come together in a system or agency or among professionals, enabling effective work to be done in cross-cultural situations

21. Cultural Diversity and Health Care The Cultural Competence Continuum • Where Am I Now? • Where Could I Be?

22. The Cultural Competence Continuum Positive Cultural Proficiency Cultural Competence Cultural Precompetence Cultural Blindness Negative Cultural Incapacity Cultural Destructiveness

23. Cultural Diversity and Health Care Cultural Competence Definitions • Cultural Destructiveness: forced assimilation, subjugation, rights and privileges for dominant groups only • Cultural Incapacity: racism, maintain stereotypes, unfair hiring practices • Cultural Blindness: differences ignored, “treat everyone the same”, only meet needs of dominant groups

24. Cultural Diversity and Health Care Cultural Competence Definitions • Cultural Pre-competence: explore cultural issues, are committed, assess needs of organization and individuals • Cultural Competence: recognize individual and cultural differences, seek advice from diverse groups, hire culturally unbiased staff • Cultural proficiency: implement changes to improve services based upon cultural needs, do research and teach

25. Cultural Diversity and Health Care Acquiring Cultural Competence • Starts with Awareness • Grows with Knowledge • Enhanced with Specific Skills • Polished through Cross-Cultural Encounters

26. The Explanatory ModelAuther Klienman, PH.D. Culturally sensitive approach to asking inquiring about a health problem • What do you call your problem? • What do you think caused your problem? • Why do you think it started when it did? • What does your sickness do to you? How does it work? • How severe is it? How long do you think you will have it? (continued next page)

27. The Explanatory ModelAuther Klienman PH.D. Culturally sensitive approach to asking about a health problem • What do you fear most about your illness? • What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you? • Anyone else with the same problem? • What have you done so far to treat your illness: • What treatments do you think you should receive? • What important results do you hope to receive from the treatment? • Who else can help you?

28. The LEARN ModelBerlin and Fowkes Listen to the patient’s perception of the problem Explain your perception of the problem Acknowledgeand discuss differences/similarities Recommend treatment Negotiate treatment

29. Working with Interpreters Qualifications: • Bilingual, bicultural, understands English medical vocabulary • Comfort in the medical setting, understands significance of the health problem • Preserves confidentiality

30. Working with Interpreters Multiple Roles: • Translator of Language • Culture Broker • Patient Advocate: Convey expectations, concerns

31. Working with Interpreters Use language to identify the interpreter as the go-between, not as the person to be blamed, e.g., the interpreter might say, “The doctor has ordered tests and this is what he says”

32. Working with Interpreters Translation factors • Language: how are new words created? • Navajo: Penicillin = “the strong white medicine shot you get for a cold” • Minimize jargon, e.g., “machine to look at your heart” instead of “EKG” • Nonverbal communication = 60% of all communication • Nodding may indicate politeness, not comprehension • Bilingual interviewing takes at least twice as long as monolingual interviews!

33. Caretakers’ Responsibilities • Learn and use a few phrases of greeting and introduction in the patient’s native language. This conveys respect and demonstrates your willingness to learn about their culture. • Tell the patient that the interpreter will translate everything that is said, so they must stop after every few sentences.

34. Caretakers’ Responsibilities • When speaking or listening, watch the patient, not the interpreter. Add your gestures, etc. while the interpreter is translating your message. • Reinforce verbal interaction with visual aids and materials written in the client’s language. • Repeat important information more than once. (continued on next page)

35. Caretakers’ Responsibilities • Always give the reason or purpose for a treatment or prescription. • Make sure the patient understands by having them explain it themselves. • Ask the interpreter to repeat exactly what was said. • Personal information may be closely guarded and difficult to obtain. • Patient often request or bring a specific interpreter to the clinic. (continued on next page)

36. Caretakers’ Responsibilities • In some cultures it may not be appropriate to suggest making a will for dying patients or patients with terminal illnesses; this is the cultural equivalent of wishing death on a patient. • Avoid saying “you must... Instead teach patients their options and let them decide, e.g., “some people in this situation would...”

37. Cultural Diversity and Health Care It is because we are different that each of us is special.

38. References • Putsch III RW. Cross-cultural communication: The special case of interpreters in health care. JAMA 1985;254(23):3344-48 • Sockalingum adapted from Hayes, Cultural Competence Continuum, 1993 and Terry Cross Cultural Competency Continuum.

39. What is a TTY

40. TTY = Text Telephone • Also sometimes called a TDD or • Telecommunication Device for the Deaf. • A TTY is a special device that lets people who are deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired use the telephone to communicate by typing back and forth instead of talking and listening. • A TTY is required at both ends of the conversation to communicate.

41. TTY Use • To use a TTY, you set the telephone Handset on to special acoustic cups built into the TTY. • Then type the message you want to send on the TTY’S keyboard. As you type, the message is sent over the phone line just like your voice would be sent over the phone line if you talked. • You can read the other person’s response on the TTY’S text display.

42. Telecommunications Relay Service • If you don’t have a TTY, you can still call a person who is deaf, hard of hearing, or speech impaired by using the TRS. • With TRS a special operator types whatever you say so that the person you are calling can read your words on their TTY display. • When they type a response the TRS operator will read it aloud for you to hear over the phone.