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Image Critique نقد صورة الاشعّه

Image Critique نقد صورة الاشعّه. Lecture No.2 X Ray films. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud Mr. Ali Alhailiy. X-ray Film. 1. Film Construction: X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: Base. Adhesive layer. Emulsion. Overcoat (protective) layer. X-ray Film.

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Image Critique نقد صورة الاشعّه

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  1. Image Critiqueنقد صورة الاشعّه Lecture No.2 X Ray films Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud Mr. Ali Alhailiy

  2. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Base. • Adhesive layer. • Emulsion. • Overcoat (protective) layer. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  3. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  4. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Base: • 150 to 300 m thick. • Lucent. • Made of polyester. • Blue in color result in less eye strain and fatigue. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  5. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Emulsion: • This is the active layer. • Homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide crystals. • The gelatin acts as a suspension agent and prevents the crystals from adhering to one another. And allow the light to pass throw when viewing the image. • Two emulsion layers on each side of the film base (1/2000 in thickness). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  6. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Adhesive layer: • Very thin layer of solution of cellulose ester and gelatin in water and acetone, put on the base. • Function of adhesive (substratum) layer to adhere the layers of emulsion to the base. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  7. X-ray Film 1. Film Construction: • X-ray film is constructed of four layers basically which are: • Overcoat (protective) layer: • The purpose of the overcoat of an x-ray film is to protect the emulsion layer. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  8. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  9. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: • Used without intensifying screens. • Used mainly for extremities, previously for mammography. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  10. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): A. Direct Exposure Film: • Requires 10 – 100 times more the exposure dose. • The emulsion is thicker than screen film. • Renders excellent detail. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  11. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): B. Mammographic Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  12. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): B. Mammographic Film: • Single emulsion. • Fine grain (crystal shape). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  13. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): C. Video Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  14. X-ray Film 2. Film Types (Clinical Usage): C. Video Film: • Exposes images displayed on a video monitor. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  15. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  16. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: • Uses a laser printer. • Provides excellent image quality. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  17. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): D. Laser Film: • Sensitive to red light. • Must be processed in complete darkness. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  18. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): E. Duplication film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  19. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): E. Duplication film: • Single emulsion film. • Used for producing copies of radiographs. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  20. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  21. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: • A type of single emulsion film used with angiography. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  22. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): F. Subtraction Film: • One type prepares a positive copy of the image. • The other type enhances subject contrast and detail. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  23. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  24. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: • Used with cardiac catheterization. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  25. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): G. Cine Film: • Produced in 16 and 35mm sizes. • Also used for radiography of the esophagus. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  26. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): H. Spot Film: Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  27. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): H. Spot Film • Produced in 70 and 105mm sizes. • Used in fluoroscopy with a spot film camera. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  28. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film Periapical Dental Film Bite-wing Dental Film Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  29. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film Occlusal Dental Film Orthopantomographic (OPG) Dental Film Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  30. X-ray Film 2. Film Type (Clinical Usage): I. Dental Film • Exposed either intraorally or extraorally. • Intraoral films are small, double-emulsion films. • Extraoral films are large, single-emulsion films. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  31. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): A. Screen Film: • Films exposed to combination of X-ray and light (screen film). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  32. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): B. Non Screen Film: • Films exposed to x-ray only (non screen film). Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  33. X-ray Film 3. Film Type (Exposure): C. Fluoroscopy and Copying Films: • These Films are exposed to light only. • Coated by the emulsion in one side and called single sided films. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  34. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Improper handling. • Causes artifacts. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  35. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too much humidity can cause the emulsion to swell. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  36. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too little humidity can cause static to develop the film. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  37. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Heat and humidity. • Too much heat can fog film. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  38. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Light and radiation. • Exposure to each can fog film decreasing contrast. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  39. X-ray Film 5. Film Handling and Storage: • Each of the following can have a negative effect upon film contrast. • Shelf life. • Film loses speed, contrast and begins to fog with age. Assistant Prof. Dr. Mustafa Zuhair Mahmoud

  40. CR Cassettes Comprises of: • 1. A protective outer cassette case • 2. A PSP plate • 3. A chip for temporary storage of patient information

  41. Photo-Stimulable Phosphor (PSP) • A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the • phenomenon of phosphorescence (sustained • glowing after exposure to light or energised • particles such as electrons). • • The most common types of phosphor in these • plates are BaF:Eu++. (Barium Fluoro Europium)

  42. CR Plate Structure

  43. Protective Coat Electron beam cured to reduce the amount of laser beam reflection that occurs during secondary excitation.

  44. Phosphor Layer The thickness of this layer has a direct impact on image quality. PSP is made either of BaF:Eu++ or BaFI:Eu++

  45. Anti-Halo Layer This layer is to prevent back-reflection of the of the laser light into the phosphor. It is normally a blueishcolour. Can you think why? Absorption, because the laser is normally red.

  46. Support Layer This polyurethane (PET) layer gives strength and support to the plate.

  47. Laminate This layer provides further support.

  48. CR Cassettes • Hard outer cassettes provide durability and functionality. • These are commonly made either of plastic or carbon fibre,bothof which have good radio-lucency in proportion to theirsupportqualities and durability.

  49. Communication • Patient ID is normally • inputted on a PC • workstation and transferred • or wrote to an embedded • chip within the cassette by • magnetics or radio-waves • • This information is then read • by the reader during the • reading process.

  50. Communication • Barcode scanners are commonly used to automatically identify cassettes. • This speeds up the administration process.

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