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Methods of Treatment

Methods of Treatment. Methods of Treatment. Surgery Hormone Therapy Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Targeted therapy. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index. Why it works. Cancer – rapidly dividing cells Treatments Slow down dividing Break down cells

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Methods of Treatment

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  1. Methods of Treatment

  2. Methods of Treatment • Surgery • Hormone Therapy • Radiation • Chemotherapy • Immunotherapy • Targeted therapy http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/index

  3. Why it works • Cancer – rapidly dividing cells • Treatments • Slow down dividing • Break down cells • Trying to affect how quickly the cells are dividing • Except surgery which just removes the tumor formed

  4. Surgery • Halsted – radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy • Believed that adequate removal of tumor would cure cancer • 1970’s – Proved less extensive surgery is equally effective for most women with breast cancer • Exploratory cancer to imaging • Less invasive methods to destroy tumors • Cryosurgery/Cryotherapy • Lasers to cut tissue or vaporize cancers • Radiofrequency ablation

  5. Hormone Therapy • Mostly for hormonally sensitive tissues and organs • Beats and oophorectomy • Huggins – metastatic prostate cancer • Tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, LHRH analogs and inhibitors

  6. Radiation • X-ray was developed and radiation became a method for treatment • Found daily minor doses improved patient’s chance for a cure • Precision – able to destroy cancer cells without affecting normal cells • Conformational Radiation Therapy (CRT) • Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) • Stereotactic radiosurgury and radiation therapy • Intraoperative radiation therapy • Chemical Modifiers/ Radiosensitizers

  7. Chemotherapy • Mustard gas and Nitrogen mustard (alkylating agents) • Aminopterin – able to block chemical reaction for DNA replicaiton • Methotrexate – cured metastatic cancer • led to development of chemotherapy • Many cancers can be controlled with chemo • Combination chemotherapy • Liposomal therapy • Used in adjuvant therapy

  8. Immunotherapy • Biological response modifier therapy • Agents are given to patients to imitate or initiate an immune response • Antigens and modified antibodies • Vaccines to boost the immune response to cancer cells • Sipuleucel-T (Provenge)

  9. Targeted Therapy • Influences the processes that control: • Growth • Division • Spread of cancer cells • The signals that cause cancer cells to die naturally • Growth signal inhibitors • Angiogenesis inhibitors • Apoptosis-inducing drugs

  10. Epidemiology • Three observations launched the field • 1713 – Ramazzini and the nuns • 1775 – Percival Pott and chimney sweeps • 1620 – Venner and tobacco (Via Recta) • This field led to finding causes which allows people to protect against cancer • Molecular biologists can use these to study the interactions between genes and external factors – for treatment methods

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