Changes in Agriculture: How can AgrAbility Keep Pace

1. Changes in Agriculture: How can AgrAbility Keep Pace Brad Rein, PE Director Processing, Engineering and Technology USDA Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

2. The Bio-energy Economy Animal Agriculture Specialty Crops Farm Structure, Finance & Technology Implications for AgrAbility Presentation Outline Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

3. Carter Reagan Bush 41 Clinton Bush 43 Tax Reform Act Intermodal Surface Transportation Act Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act Deficit Reduction Act Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act & Energy Tax Act Biomass R&D Act Clean Air Act Amend.& Pollution Prevention Act Gramm Rudman Hollings Act Loan Guarantees For Alcohol Plants Transportation Equity Act For the 21st Century Farm Bill American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 Renewable Energy Production Incentive (REPI) Tax Relief Extension Act Energy Security Act & Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act Energy Policy Act EPACT Biobased Products - Included Forest Products and Agriculture (Interior) Alcohol Fuels R&D & Market Development Biomass, Biofuels, Biopower, Bioenergy (EWD) Energy from Municipal Waste - EMW (Interior & EWD) The Up and Down Support For Biomass Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

4. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

5. Oil Reserves Rate of Use 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil Updated July 2005. Source: International Energy Annual 2003 (EIA), Tables 1.2 and 8.1-O&GJ. Canada’s reserves include tar sands. 25% 7% 7% 3% 3% The United States uses more oil than the next five highest-consuming nations combined. 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

6. President George W. Bush –2006 State of the Union Address • Keeping America competitive requires affordable energy.  And here we have a serious problem: • "America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world." • "The best way to break this addiction is through technology.” • …. and we are on the threshold of incredible advances… • “…. replace more than 75 percent of our oil imports from the Middle East by 2025.” Capitol, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2006 White House photo by Eric Draper • “By applying the talent and technology of America, this country can • dramatically improve our environment, • move beyond a petroleum-based economy, and • make our dependence on Middle Eastern oil a thing of the past.” Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

7. MUCH INTEREST - - - - MANY GOALS HAVE WE ONLY JUST BEGUN? Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

8. Billion bushels 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11 2015/16 Crop year USDA-REE Energy Science and Education Programs - ERS USDA projections of corn use for ethanol have risen dramatically RFS + Oil Prices 2007 RFS - Renewable Fuels Program, Energy Policy Act of 2005 RFS 2006 Pre-RFS 2005 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

9. The U.S. ethanol sector is adding over 6 billion gallons to its capacity ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE Changes in distribution and transportation of raw materials and products Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

10. Future Directions ? Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

11. Future Directions ? How will new crop production systems impact accommodating disability in agriculture? Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

12. ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE In 2004 “no till” farming reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 10mil tons = to 20% of cars Source: Monsanto Does reduction in fuel equate with reduction of exposure to farm equipment injuries? Natural Gas LP Gas 4% 5% Fertilizers Pesticides 6% 28% Gasoline 9% Source: Miranowski, John, “Energy Consumption in U.S. Agriculture,” Proceedings – Agriculture as a Producer and Consumer of Energy Conference, Arlington, VA, June 24-25, 2004. Sponsored by Farm Foundation. Electricity Diesel 21% 27% Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

13. Animal Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

14. Source: USDA Agricultural Outlook Forum, March 2007 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

15. Demand for animal protein depends primarily on income and population growth Source: OECD-FAO Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

16. Future of US Animal Agriculture • Growth • $99Billion Ag. sector increasing $1Billion/yr • Scale • Increasing in size & concentration • Advantage in needs of processors • Location • Processors (urban to rural) close to producers • 85% beef, pork, chicken 400+ employees Source: The Future of Animal Agriculture in North America: A Farm Foundation Project Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

17. Future of US Animal AgricultureChallenges and Issues • Consumer Demand • Food safety, quality, animal welfare • Global Competitiveness and Trade • Perceived vs real risks • Environmental Issues • Byproducts, air & water quality • Community and Labor Issues • More dangerous lower pay than manufacturing • Rely on immigrant labor Source: The Future of Animal Agriculture in North America: A Farm Foundation Project Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

18. Co-location of Animal Agriculture and Bio-fuels Industries • Integrated system • Energy from methane cogeneration • Dried distillers grains for feed • Adds to rural infrastructure • Not just the mid-west Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

19. Specialty Crops The U.S. specialty crop industry is comprised of producers and handlers of fruits, tree nuts, vegetables, melons, potatoes and nursery crops, including floriculture. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

20. . Specialty crop production as a percentage of total agricultural production by county. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

21. Specialty Crops • 2.9% of harvested cropland • 40% of value of all harvested cropland • $50B in 2004 • Highest labor cost (40-60%) • Intense global competition • Homeland Security/Immigration reform Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

22. Specialty Crop Research Initiative • Proposed by USDA Secretary in 2007 Farm Bill • Improve crop characteristics • Identify invasive species • Optimize production efficiency • Develop new mechanization technologies Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

23. Farm Structure, Finance & Technology Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

24. Source: USDA-OCE 2007 Agricultural Outlook Forum, March 2007 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

25. Source: USDA-OCE Agricultural Outlook Forum, March 2007 Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

26. America’s Diverse Family Farms • Small family farms (<$250,000) • Limited Resource • Retirement • Residential/Lifestyle • Farming-occupation/low sales (< $100k) • Farming-occupation/high sales (> $100k) • Large- family (<$500k) • Very large family (>$500k) • Non-family farm Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

27. ERS Family Farm Report 2007 • Large, very large and non-family account for 75% of production • 90% of farms are small family farms and account for 61% of land owned by farmers • Small farms have 82% of the land enrolled in CRP and WRP Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

28. ERS Family Farm Report 2007 • Most rapid growth is farms with sales of $1mil. or more accounting for 48% of sales in 2002 compared to 23% of sales in 1982 • Small farm households rely on off farm income • Few small farms use production and marketing contracts while 64% of very large family farms use contracts and as a group produce 61% of production grown under contract Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

29. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

30. Farm households with higher off-farm income are more likely to adopt farm technologies that economize on management time than those that are time intensive. Adoption of time-saving technologies, such as herbicide-tolerant (HT) soybeans, is associated with higher off-farm incomes Adoption of time-intensive technologies such as integrated pest management is more closely associated with lower off-farm incomes Source: USDA Economic Research Service, Off Farm Income, Technology Adoption, and Farm Economic Performance, Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

31. Technology • Ergonomics • UC-Davis Agricultural Ergonomics Research Center • Autonomous vehicles • Carnegie-Mellon Robotics Institute Autonomous Mower-Conditioner Carnegie-Mellon Robotics Institute Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

32. Implications for AgrAbility Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

33. AgrAbility VISION Enhance the quality of life for people with disabilities in agriculture in a rapidly changing agricultural economy Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

34. Working together to create a stronger organization Cognizant of roles and responsibilities of partnership Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

35. Role/Responsibilities of the National Project • Provide limited, on-demand type services in areas without a state project • Produce and/or recommend educational materials, networking strategies, assistance protocols, and marketing products for state project adoption and use • Moderate information-sharing forums • Identify, promote, and address opportunities and challenges for AgrAbility • Evaluate the program’s impacts annually---this is where demographic and other data collection falls into place. Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

36. Role/Responsibilities of the State Projects • Operate within a defined geographic area • Complete project objectives under three overarching priority areas • Partner with a non-profit disability organization • Participate in National Project-initiated efforts to collect activity data • Submit annual and final reports to CSREES • Effectively serve the qualifying population Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

37. Role/Responsibilities of CSREES • Provide program oversight to the National Project and the State Projects • Ensure that federal dollars are spent and managed appropriately • Ensure fair and objective review of proposals • Communicate program successes and impacts to USDA and Congress via program and OMB portfolio reviews Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov

38. Summary & Recommendations • Current and future trends in agricultural production systems can have either positive or negative impacts on people with disabilities in agricultural. • New jobs? New hazards? • Be at the table in identifying priority research, education and accommodation needs • Identify opportunities for resource sharing • Acknowledge challenges and prioritize resources Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service http://www.csrees.usda.gov