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Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

The Antebellum era saw a surge of reform movements driven by religious revivalism and the Market Revolution. Explore the Second Great Awakening, Utopian Communities, Mormonism, Temperance, and Education Reforms that reshaped American society.

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Antebellum Revivalism & Reform

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  1. AntebellumRevivalism&Reform

  2. Reform movement came about because of the Market Revolution • Led by the Middle Class • Belief in the goodness of human nature • Moralistic

  3. A. Religious Revivalism

  4. The Second Great Awakening1790’s-1830’s • 2nd Religious Revival Movement in the U.S. • Stressed salvation through personal faith • Redemption

  5. The Second Great Awakening Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Education Temperance Abolitionism Asylum &Penal Reform Women’s Rights

  6. The “Burned-Over” District • An area in Upstate & Western NY state • Heavily evangelized during the 2nd G.A. • There was no more “Fuel” to “Burn” b/c everyone had converted • New religious movements began in this area

  7. The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) • 1823  Golden Tablets • 1830 Book of Mormon • 1844  Murdered in Carthage, IL Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

  8. After his death, Brigham Young became the new leader Mormons faced persecution b/c of their beliefs Polygamy Cooperative Communities The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) Brigham Young(1801-1877)

  9. The Mormon “Trek” • Desert community would become their “Zion” • Salt Lake City, Utah founded in 1847 • Utah did not become a state until 1896 b/c of Mormon beliefs

  10. B. Utopian Communities

  11. What is a Utopian Community? • A group that pulls away from society to form a “perfect” community • Formed to counteract the economic & social evils caused by the Market Revolution • About 100 formed • All were Cooperative • Socialist/Communist in nature • Gender roles neutralized • Some founded around religion

  12. The Shakers • Religion was the focus • Life should be dedicated to finding perfection • Segregated men and women • Believed in celibacy • Live a simplistic lifestyle

  13. The Oneida CommunityNew York, 1848 • Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. • Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past. • all residents married to each other – “Complex Marriage” • carefully regulated “free love” John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

  14. Transcendentalist Utopian farm Formed in West Roxbury, MA Was influential to writers like Thoreau & Hawthorne Brook Farm George Ripley 1802-1880

  15. New Harmony, IN • To deal with poverty socialist communities should be established • All families work & live together Robert Owen 1771-1858

  16. C. Penitentiary Reform

  17. Institute Building in the U.S • During the 1830’s and 1840’s the U.S. began a program of institute building: • Jails for debtors and criminals • Poorhouses for the destitute • Orphanages for children without families

  18. Dorthea Dix • Mentally insane were placed in prisons and abused • No assistance given • Dix was an advocate to improve their treatment • 1849:1st Asylum established to treat the insane • By 1860 28 states established asylums

  19. D. Temperance

  20. Consumption of Alcohol • Alcohol seen as one of the biggest problems of society • Mainly a problem for men • “Demon” Rum, Cider, Whiskey • Beer (when the Germans arrive) • Problem? • Wasted Money • Domestic Abuse • Increased Crime Rates • Decreased Efficiency at work

  21. American Temperance Society • Founded in 1826 in Boston, MA • Claimed to have 200,000 members by mid 1830’s • Group mainly made up of Women • Two methods for ending the evils of alcohol: • Advocate a moderate use of alcohol 2. Make alcohol illegal • By 1857, 12 states had made alcohol illegal • ME was the first • Problem: laws found unconstitutional • Successful: alcohol consumption dropped

  22. E. Education Reform

  23. Horace Mann(1796-1859) “Father of American Education” • Pushed for a state supported, public educational system • Advocated dividing children up by “Grades” and having a uniform curriculum in all schools • Discouraged corporal punishment • Established state teacher- training programs

  24. Educational Reform Religious Training  Secular Education • MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools. • By 1860 every Northern state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

  25. Women Educators • Middle class women now seen as able to have an acceptable job outside of the house • Established a seminary in NY to train female teachers Emma Willard(1787-1870) • 1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [MA] as the firstcollege for women. Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

  26. F. Women's Rights

  27. Early 19c Women • Unable to vote. • Legal status of a minor. • Single  could own her own property. • Married  no control over herproperty or her children. • Could not initiate divorce. • Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

  28. “Separate Spheres” Concept “Cult of Domesticity” • A woman’s “sphere” was in the home • Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. • Four Cardinal virtues: • Piety • Purity • Submission • Domesticity

  29. Women’s Rights Many women believed that their roles in other reform movements should lead to an expansion of their rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

  30. Cult of Domesticity = Slavery The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society. Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké • Southern Abolitionists

  31. Seneca Falls Convention • 1st women’s rights convention • Held in July 1848 • Stanton read Declaration of Sentiments • Outlined that women & men should be equals • However, no real changes until after WWI

  32. G. Abolitionism

  33. Early Movements • 1816: American Colonization Society founded • Did not believe that freed slaves could achieve equality in the U.S. • Established Liberia in Africa

  34. William Lloyd Garrison • Wanted immediate emancipation with NO compensation. • Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. • Began militant abolitionist movement in the North Premiere issue  January 1, 1831

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