HUMAN DREGS AT THE BOTTOM OF OUR NATIONAL VATS

1. HUMAN DREGS AT THE BOTTOM OF OUR NATIONAL VATS Eugenics and the birth and raising of the Mental Deficiency Act 1913 [England & Wales]

2. Sharon Churchman Conway • Researcher, School of History and Welsh History University of Wales Bangor, UK LL57 2DP • Research and Development Officer, Agoriad Cyfyngedig, Porth Penrhyn, Bangor, UK LL57 4HN • Email - schurchmanconway@tiscali.co.uk

3. `In grimmer terms still . . . in terms of certified imbecility, rural Wales supplied five of the first eight counties.’ Kenneth O.Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation:Wales 1880‑1980 (New York:Oxford University Press, 1982), p.22.

4. That the legislative provisions required for Idiots, Imbeciles, and Harmless Lunatics should be consolidated in a single Act distinct from those applicable to Dangerous Lunatics. Education and Care of Idiots, Imbeciles, and Harmless Lunatics: Report of a Special Committee of the Charity Organisation Society; (London: Longmans, Green and Co.1877

5. John Langdon Down(after whom Down’s Syndrome was named)

6. Francis Galton(1822-1911) and Charles Darwin

7. Rather than imposing our own judgements to portray mental deficiency policy as a sign of undemocratic tendencies in early twentieth century social policy, I have suggested that we should view it in its own context • Mathew Thomson

8. 1904 Report of the Royal Commission for the Care and Control of the Feebleminded • a total of 138,529 for England and Wales • total for idiots and imbeciles of 33,750 `in Carnarvon, Dr. Parry found that half the inmates of the maternity wards were mentally defective, nearly all the children being illegitimate.’

9. Edouard Seguin Idiocy: and its Treatment by the Physiological MethodNew York: William Wood & Co., 1866 pp. 45-6. • Endemic idiocy is interwoven with alpine or lowland cretinism...Alpine cretinism is due to locality and to intermarriage, and it is never isolated: it affects the skin with a bistre or maroon colour. • The lowland cretinism of Belgium, of Virginia, etc., with its discrete goitre, its grey and dirty straw-coloured skin, bears the same relation to idiocy and imbecility as the more extensive alpine variety.

10. Cretinous child - due to iodine deficiency

11. Recommendations of the 1904 Royal Committee • That persons who cannot take a part in the struggle of life owing to mental defect...should be afforded by the State such special protection as may be suited to their needs...

12. That the protection of the mentally defective, whatever form it takes, should be continued as long as is necessary for his good. This is desirable, not only in his interest, but also in the interest of the community. It follows that the State should have authority to segregate and detain mentally defective persons...

13. ...also that feeble-minded persons, moral imbeciles, and such inebriates, epileptics, and blind or deaf and dumb persons, as are mentally defective, and of any age, may be admitted to suitable institutions in the same way

14. Lord RiddellMedico-Legal SocietyApril 25th 1929 `Can the community afford to spend so much on a section of the population obviously of the worst type? Are you going to penalise the fit for the unfit?’

15. Degeneration in British literature • Charles Dickens’ Bleak House • R.L. Stevenson’s Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde [1886] • Bram Stoker’s Dracula [1887] • Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray [1890] • H.G.Wells’ The Time Machine [1894]

16. The Well at PenmorfaElizabeth Gaskell • Mary is in Tre-Madoc workhouse. They treat her pretty kindly, and, in general, she is good and tractable. Occasionally, the old paroxysms come on; and, for a time, she is unmanageable. But some one thought of speaking to her about Nest. She stood arrested at the name; and, since then, it is astonishing to see what efforts she makes to curb her insanity; and when the dread time is past, she creeps up to the matron, and says, 'Mary has tried to be good. Will God let her go to Nest now?'

17. “Freaks” – directed Tod Browning [MGM 1932] “The revulsion with which we view the malformed and the mutilated is the result of long conditioning... Never again will such a story be filmed, as modern science and teratology is rapidly eliminating such blunders of nature from the world… With humility for the many injustices done to such people (they have no power to control their lot) we present the most startling horror story of the ABNORMAL and THE UNWANTED.

18. Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914), bureaucrat credited with devising fingerprint analysis

19. Cesare Lombroso(1835-1909), Italian physicist and criminal anthropologist, author of L'Uomo Delinquente (1876; "The Criminal Man") and Le Crime, Causes et Remèdes (1899; Crime, Its Causes and Remedies).

20. Long lulled in laissez-faire, the British Public is now awakening to the consciousness that its constitution is not just what it ought to be, and that something must be done...Pick-me-ups will no longer avail; a systematic course of treatment is required. [Sir James Crichton-Browne; foreword in James Cantlie, Physical Efficiency: a review of the deleterious effects of town life upon the population of Britain, with suggestions for their arrest (London, 1906), pp.xix-xx.

21. Ferdinand Canning and Scott Schiller, Eugenics and Politics (London: Constable & Co., 1926). “Civilisation” has done away with traditional culling of the unfit - the “savage” simply cannot afford to be a fool or to breed fools; the fool-killing agencies in his life are much too potent. Weaklings, wasters, fools, criminal, lunatics are not a blessing to any society. If their number increases to more than a minute percentage of the whole, they not only impose an intolerable burden on the saner and sound elements of the society, but endanger the survival of the whole.

22. Bernard Mallett, Eugenics Society, 1930 “The group of high-grade defectives who are most likely to be dealt with by guardianship and supervision and to whom clause two will therefore be most applicable, spring from the so-called “social problem” group. This group is estimated as comprising a tenth of the total population of the country, and from it are recruited the bulk of low grade persons in the community whose excessive fertility is highly dysgenic.”

23. “Family Limitations” by Dr Herbert, Family Planning Committee, 1930 The better classes are sterilizing themselves, the disease ridden are breeding copiously and the result is that the country is not getting the children it deserves…Already we are a C3 nation, what we shall be in fifty years time I dare not contemplate.

24. Central Association for the Care of the Mentally Deficient , 1921 A bad case uncared for – “not dealt with” to use the language of the Act of 1913 – costs the community in rates and taxes several times as much as if he or she were properly looked after in accordance with the Act. The moral imbecile harms others just as much as a patient suffering from an infectious disease. If smallpox cases occur, we do not issue an administrative order that only 30 or 40 percent are to be looked after. We isolate them all.

25. South Wales Argos, 12 July 1927 It is one of the tragedies of civilisation that side by side with increasing comfort and the ever widening influence of education there should also be the sad fact that the proportion of mentally deficient folk is steadily rising …in the past the community have not courageously, and in the spirit of pity, shouldered the burden of responsibility with reference to these unfortunates. …in every district there should be institutions where the mentally deficient can be segregated, cared for, and taught. Unfortunately they are a people apart. They should be kept apart.