ENERGY Unit Essential Question: How do we power our lives?

1. Vocabulary Ethanol Biodiesel Natural gas petroleum geothermal energy tidal energy hybrid vehicle methane Fission Fusion Generator Photovoltaic cell Biofuels Fuel cell Electric Motor ENERGY Unit Essential Question: How do we power our lives? • Standard SEV4. Students will understand and describe availability, allocation, and conservation of energy resources • Differentiate between renewable and nonrenewable resources including how different resources are produced, rates of use, renewable rates and limitations of sources. • Describe how technology is increasing the efficiency of utilization and accessibility of resources. • Describe how energy and other resource utilization impact the environment and recognize that individuals as well as larger entities have an impact on energy efficiency. • e. Describe the commonly used fuels (e.g. fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, etc.) and some alternative fuels (e.g. wind, solar, ethanol, etc.) including the required technology, availability, pollution problems and implementation problems. Recognize the origin of fossil fuels and the problems associated with our dependence on this energy source. • f. Describe the need for informed decision making of resource utilization

2. http://ogoapes.weebly.com/unit-11--energy-fossil-fuels-and-alternative-energy-sources.htmlhttp://ogoapes.weebly.com/unit-11--energy-fossil-fuels-and-alternative-energy-sources.html draw the pie chart- write all the notes! Residential- cooking, heating/cooling, lights Energy Use in the U.S. Industrial- manufacturing of chemicals, mining, smelting metals Commercial (businesses serving customers)- cooking, heating/cooling, lights Transportation Vampire Appliance- devices using electricity even when turned off (flat screen T.V., Play Station, computer, etc.) Makes up to 10% of electricity bill

3. Fossil fuels are burned to heat water to produce steam • turns a turbine • generator makes electricity • (magnet spins inside coils of wire putting electrons • in motion Electricity Generation Electric generator: converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

4. draw the pie chart- do not draw renewable extension section, write the info. in the blue boxes in 2004 U.S. had 4.6% of global population & used 24% of global energy Burning fossil fuels accounts for 80% of U.S. air pollution & 80% of CO2 emissions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dO9GxdMEGME

5. Net Energy total available energy- amount used for locating, extracting, processing, transporting it energy out / energy in = net ratio Oil has high ratio due to large, accessible, cheap –to- extract sources mainly in Middle East Nuclear has low ratio due to extracting, processing, plant requirements (including building & dismantling), storage of radioactive wastes for 10,000-240,000 yrs

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXYOOvGLzfI U.S. has 2.9% of proven oil supply, but is #1 user Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Iran World reserves good for about 90-100 years OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- have 78% of world’s proven oil -greatest source of global & economic power

7. fossil fuels Remains of ancient organisms that contain energy-rich carbon-based molecules Coal-swampland plants Oil & natural gas-marine organisms Pros & Cons • Petroleum = oil that is pumped from the ground, Used in fuels, chemicals, & plastics (very versatile) efficient & cleaner burning, composed of mostly methane Nonrenewable, Responsible for air, water, & land pollution, including acid rain, strip mining, mountain top removal, & oil spills Inexpensive, easily transported, versatile

8. Energy from fossil fuels studies show considerable oil spills occur, possible degradation of area not worth the risk Surface Coal Mining, Wyoming Pipeline, Alaska Report from March 12, 2015 stated 5 oil trains exploded in the previous18 months Off shore drilling platform, Alaska Natural Gas Drilling, Texas

9. Wind Pros: Produces no air or water pollution, renewable, Coastal areas and high altitude areas have sufficient wind speeds to generate electricity Cons: depends on local weather & geography, may affect birds, noise pollution? 280,000 homes in CA use wind power • optional notes: The electric current is sent through • cables down the turbine tower to a transformer that • changes the voltage of the current before • it is sent out on transmission lines.

10. http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/farming-the-wind-wind-power.htmlhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/technology_and_impacts/impacts/farming-the-wind-wind-power.html

11. Hydroelectricity energy produced from moving water Pros: renewable,no air pollution, cheap & efficient to run, In Accounts for 20% of the world’s electricity Cons:Expensive to build, causes habitat fragmentation, flooding, requires fish ladders, changes to natural river flow, degraded water quality • How a Hydroelectric Plant Works: optional notes To make electricity, a dam opens its gates to allow water from the reservoir above to spin the blades of a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is then transported via huge transmission lines to a local utility company. Hoover Dam, Colorado River NV & AZ (726.4 ft x 1,244 ft )

12. Pro:Renewable, releases less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel plant, scrubber systems cleans out the hydrogen sulfide, emits 97% less acid rain-causing sulfur compounds than fossil fuel plants. • Con:Vents are limited, can produce hazardous gases (H2S) Geothermal -energy from Earth’s inner heat • Hot water near the Earth's surface can be piped directly into • buildings and industries for heat, Power plants can use steam to turn • turbine • 2. In 2009, U.S. geothermal power plants produced 0.4% of total • electricity, five States had geothermal power plants: California, • Nevada , Hawaii, Idaho, and Utah • 3. Requirements may include • pump, turbine, & generator optional notes

13. Biomass Organic matter that can be burned to produce heat/ electricity ex. wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes Methane (made when bacteria decompose organic wastes, like in landfills or manure), ethanol (C2H5OH) made by fermenting the sugars found in grains, such as corn optional notes:Uses- In 2002 Great Britain opened the 1st dung powered station, ethanol fuels ½ the cars in Brazil Pros: renewable, less air pollution, jobs for rural communities Cons: still makes air pollution, might require extensive land for cultivation, for vehicles-lower mpg, not good for cold weather Elephant-poo power electrifies zoo http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/10/world/europe/elephant-dung-biogas-munich/index.html

14. Used in France, Russia, • & Canada • Requires dam, turbine, • & generator Tidal (renewable) Pros: renewable Caused by gravitational pull, non-polluting, tides change every 6 hours Cons: harsh environment, danger to marine organism, expensive, Limited geographically http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/a/tidal_power.htm

15. Active Solar heating requires Photovoltaic or solar cells which change sunlight directly into electricity Solar Passive solar heating -face windows to the south in the n. hemisphere & receive the most solar energy Pros:Renewable, no air pollutants, minimal environmental impact Cons:expensive, only suitable for certain locations

16. . • Requires uranium, neutrons, reactor • Pros: No air pollution, Extremely efficient source of power; energy in 1lb uranium = 1500 tons of coal • Cons:radioactive waste, high start up & maintenance cost $$$, vulnerable to terrorist attacks Nuclear Fission (nonrenewable)– splitting of unstable atoms like uranium & thorium, atomic bomb http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/non-renewable/nuclear.html Chernobyl (1986)- worst nuclear power plant accident in world 3-Mile Island (1979)- human error caused radiation leak On 6 August 1945, “Little Boy" was detonated over Hiroshima. On 9 August, “Fat Man“ was exploded over Nagasaki

17. Pripyat

18. The hybrid car gas engine electric motor tends to be the most energy efficient vehicles available today, Fuel cell vehicles – zero emissions Substantial technical hurdles to producing, storing and distributing hydrogen. Electric requires: batteries, electricity, electric motor, transmission Gasoline requires: fuel tank, gas, engine, transmission

19. http://automobiles.honda.com/fcx-clarity/?from=fcx.honda.com FYI Space shuttle Fueled with liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen, oxygen and hydrogen are mixed together and ignited to make a very hot fire. The expanding gases from that fire are what propel the spacecraft.

20. Biodieselvegetable oil

21. Energy Conservation Practices • Drive less:walk, ride bikes, carpool • Adjust thermostat (<68F); up in summer (>78 F) • Turn it off when not in use (use power strips) • Shorter showers • Compact fluorescent bulbs • Recycle • Eat locally-grown food • Buy long-lasting products Incentive: gov. provides rebates, low interest loans, tax deductions when people environmentally friendly products Regulation: Government restrictions on certain chemicals