1 / 16

Social Psychology

Social Psychology. David Myers 11e. Chapter Thirteen . Conflict and Peacemaking What creates conflict? How can peace be achieved? Postscript: The conflict between individual and communal rights What social situations feed conflict? How do misperceptions fuel conflict?

bsmalley
Download Presentation

Social Psychology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Social Psychology David Myers 11e

  2. Chapter Thirteen • Conflict and Peacemaking • What creates conflict? • How can peace be achieved? • Postscript: The conflict between individual and communal rights • What social situations feed conflict? • How do misperceptions fuel conflict? • Does contact with the other side reduce conflict? • When do cooperation, communication, and mediation enable reconcillation

  3. What Creates Conflict? • Social Dilemmas • Social trap • Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

  4. What Creates Conflict? • Social Dilemmas • The “Prisoners Dilemma” • What would you do? • confess to be granted immunity? Deny guilt? • What role does communication / not being able to play here? • “Tragedy of the Commons” • Fishers, crabbers in the Chesapeake Bay • Global warming / water in California • Fundamental attribution error • Evolving motives- Vietnam & Iraq wars • Non-zero-sum games- e.g. Prisoners dilemma

  5. What Creates Conflict? • Social Dilemmas • Resolving social dilemmas • Regulation (Government) • Safeguard the common good • Make the group small –visibility/ accountability • What’s the optimal size? • Communication – Robyn Dawes’ experiment (1980) • 30% vs. 80% • Change the payoffs • Carpools –how does this change the payoffs? • Appeal to altruistic norms (social norms) • Why did 1/3 cooperate in “Wall Street Game” vs. 2/3 in “Community Game”?

  6. What Creates Conflict? • Competition (group identification is a prerequisite) • Realistic group conflict (Sherif, 1966) • Win-lose competition • Negative images of the outgroup • Strong ingroup cohesiveness • Pride • What are some real life examples? • Of superordinate goals that bring groups together?

  7. What Creates Conflict? • Perceived Injustice • People perceive justice as equity • Ratio of outcomes to inputs for self and other • Distribution of rewards in proportion to individuals’ contributions • If one contributes more and benefits less, he will feel exploited • As equality? • E.g. family distributions of resources • Does it depend upon equity or equality • Other examples? • Should it apply to poverty in America?

  8. What Creates Conflict? • Misperception • Of other’s motives and goals • Iran and U.S. • Israel and Palestinians • Seeds of misperception • Self-serving bias • Tendency to self-justify • Fundamental attribution error

  9. What Creates Conflict? • Mirror-Image Perceptions • Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict • Example • Each may view itself as moral and peace-loving and the other as evil and aggressive • Iran, U.S. • Russia, U.S. • Baltimore Police, Black youth/community • Others? • Evil leader–good people illusion

  10. What Creates Conflict? • Simplistic Thinking • When tension rises rational thinking becomes more difficult • Views of the enemy become more simplistic and stereotyped • Shifting Perceptions • The same processes that create the enemy’s image can reverse it when the enemy becomes an ally

  11. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Contact…generally predicts tolerance • Predicts decreased prejudice • Friendship • Those who form friendships with outgroup members develop more positive attitudes toward the outgroup • Minimize outgroup identity • How can this be done? • Equal-status contact • Contact on an equal basis • To reduce prejudice, interracial contact should be between persons equal in status • Who have perceived choice in associating with one another • Multiculturalism or Assimilation? Which is it? • Hutu & Tutsi? Or just Rwandan? • Or Omnicultural?

  12. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Cooperation • Common external threats build cohesiveness • E.g. army in Vietnam • Superordinate goalsfoster cooperation • Shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort • Cooperative learning improves racial attitudes • Aronson’s “jigsaw” technique • Group and superordinate identities

  13. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Communication • Bargaining • Seeking an agreement to a conflict through direct negotiation between parties • Tough bargaining may lower the other party’s expectations, but can sometimes backfire • Bush and Hussein

  14. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Communication • Mediation • Attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions • Integrative agreements • Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties’ interests to their mutual benefit • Unravel misperceptions with controlled communications

  15. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Communication • Arbitration • Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement • Final-offer arbitration • Motivates each party to make a reasonable proposal

  16. How Can Peace Be Achieved? • Conciliation • GRIT (Osgood, ‘62) • Acronym for “graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction”—a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions • Real world applications • Berlin crisis in 60’s • Kennedy and Khrushchev ‘63

More Related