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Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology

Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology. How Rockets Work. Newton's Laws of Motion are: An object at rest tends to remain at rest An object in motion tends to remain in motion For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Conservation of Momentum.

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Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology

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  1. Launch Vehicles and Sensing Technology

  2. How Rockets Work • Newton's Laws of Motion are: • An object at rest tends to remain at rest • An object in motion tends to remain in motion • For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

  3. Conservation of Momentum • Newton's Laws are all contained in a more general principle called conservation of momentum. • Momentum is mass times velocity • In a system that is not disturbed from outside, the total momentum stays constant.

  4. Conservation of Momentum Means: • If velocity is zero, momentum is zero (Newton's First Law) • If velocity is not zero, and mass doesn't change, then velocity doesn't change (Newton's Second Law)

  5. Conservation of Momentum and Newton’s Third Law • If mass changes somehow, then so does velocity. • If an object is stationary, and flings off mass, the rest of the mass moves in the opposite direction. • The flung off mass has positive momentum, the rest has negative momentum, and the total momentum remains zero (Newton's Third Law).

  6. Conservation of Momentum

  7. Rockets and Jets • Rockets and jets work according to Newton's Third Law. • They fire mass out at high speed and acquire velocity in the opposite direction. • They do not need something to push against. They move because they are expelling exhaust gases at high speeds. • Tthe rocket or jet is pushing mass away, and the mass is pushing back (equal and opposite reaction.)

  8. How Rockets and Jets Differ • Rockets and jets expel mass by burning fuel. • A jet gets the oxygen for combustion from the atmosphere • A rocket carries oxygen in some form with it. • Thus rockets can function outside the Earth's atmosphere; jets can't.

  9. Rockets are Mostly Fuel (and Oxygen) • A rocket or jet has to carry all its remaining fuel with it. (And oxygen, if it’s a rocket). • Most of the mass of the Space Shuttle is fuel, and most of that is used to get the remaining fuel off the ground. • The miles-per-gallon fuel economy of the Space Shuttle in its first foot off the ground is pretty terrible!

  10. About Orbits and Satellites • Satellites travel elliptical paths with the center of the Earth at one focus (Kepler's First Law) • Inertia causes object to continue moving in a straight line • Gravity pulls object to Earth • Balance between the two = orbit

  11. Newton’s Mountain

  12. Important Orbits • Low vs. High Inclination • Almost all are Prograde • Polar Orbits for global coverage • Circular Orbits strongly preferred • Constant altitude • Constant speed • Sun-Synchronous • Geosynchronous

  13. About Orbits • You do not need to expend fuel to stay in orbit • Satellites need attitude control fuel to correct for atmospheric drag, lunar and solar gravity, etc. • May want thrusters to help maintain orbits • Spin stabilization helps • Once below 200 km, atmospheric braking leads to re-entry

  14. Three Pioneers of Rocketry • Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) • Worked out theoretical problems of spaceflight • Robert Goddard (1882-1945) • First Liquid Fuel Rocket • Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) • Helped create operational rockets

  15. Robert Goddard -First Liquid-Fuel Rocket, 1926

  16. The V-1

  17. The V-2

  18. V-2: Air Force Museum

  19. V-2 shrapnel

  20. V-2 Components

  21. From Sapwood to Sputnik • An existing rocket, the SS-6, was used. • The warhead section was removed • A cluster of four more SS-6 engines was bolted around a central engine • Very Dependable

  22. Sputnik I • October 4, 1957 • S- (with) + put’ (path) +-nik (one who) =Sputnik • Literally, one who follows the same path

  23. Early Rockets, Kennedy Space Center

  24. Early Rockets, Huntsville AL

  25. Gemini, 1965

  26. Sensor Technology • Passive (senses only ambient signals) • Active (emits signals) • Imaging • Non-Imaging • Scanning (mechanical or electronic) • Non-scanning

  27. The Single Most Valuable Product of the Space Program

  28. Crescent Earth

  29. Himalayas from Space Shuttle

  30. Volcano, Alaska

  31. Fringing Reefs

  32. Icebergs, Antarctica

  33. A Noble Myth “In my life, I've seen the images from space of a blue-white-green world — there are no political lines drawn on this planet. • Luis J. Rodriguez “The border between the United States and Mexico is an imaginary line. It cannot be seen from space” • The Border Zone:A History of Trade between the United States and Mexico, Julia Albright; Age of Irony, Winter 2004

  34. “You Can’t See Borders From Space”

  35. Mexican Border

  36. Mexican Border

  37. Menominee County, WI

  38. U.S.-Canadian Border

  39. Landsat View of Green Bay

  40. Landsat View of Green Bay

  41. Landsat view of Washington D.C.

  42. Radar Image of New York City

  43. Spy Satellite Views of Soviet Aircraft Carrier

  44. Spy Satellite View of Soviet Airfield

  45. World Trade Center, September 11, 2001

  46. And Now For Something Completely Different….

  47. Gulf Stream in Infrared

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