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Major Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder. Celia Rangel Psychology Period 6. Major Depressive Disorder.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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  1. Major Depressive Disorder Celia Rangel Psychology Period 6

  2. Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder in which a person experiences , in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

  3. Associated Features Feel deeply discouraged Dissatisfied with your life Socially isolated Lack energy to do things or even get out of bed Unable to concentrate, eat, or sleep normally Thoughts of suicide Feeling of hopelessness, fatigue, and worthlessness

  4. Associated Features Depressed Childs Child may pretend to be sick, refuse to go to school, cling to a parent, or worry that the parent may die. Older children may sulk, get into trouble at school, be negative, grouchy, and feel misunderstood.

  5. Associated Features DSM-IV-TR Criteria Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2- week period and represent a change from previous functioning. At least one of the symptoms is (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day. Significant weight loss when not dieting or significant gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day.

  6. Associated Features DSM-IV-TR Criteria Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick). Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others). Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or specific plan for committing suicide.

  7. Associated Features The symptoms do not meet the criteria for a mixed episode. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological affects of a substance (for example, a drug of abuse, a medication), or a general medical condition (for example, hyperthyroidism).

  8. Associated Features The symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement, i.e. after the loss of a loved one, the symptoms persist for longer than 2 months or are characterized by marked functional impairment, morbid preoccupation with worthlessness, suicidal ideation, psychotic symptoms or psychomotor retardation.

  9. Etiology Can be passed on genetically May be developed through the loss of something valuable. Social stresses, such as feeling you don’t belong or experiencing the end of a romance. Depression (number one reason people seek for mental health services) An individual’s first depressive episode commonly occurs between ages 25 and 44.

  10. Etiology Women Hormonal factors, such as, menstrual cycle changes, pregnancy, miscarriage, pre-menopause, and menopause. Responsibility at home, work, single parenthood, and caring for children and/or aging parents. Men Alcohol Drugs Working excessive long hours

  11. Prevalence An individual’s first depressive episode commonly occurs between ages 25 and 44. Most common in women. It plagues 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women Three to four million men in the U.S. are affected by the illness.

  12. Prevalence Even though more women have attempted suicide than men, the suicide rate for men is four times more than that of the women. After age 70, the rate of men’s suicide rises until 85.

  13. Treatment Biological Treatment Somatic Treatment -Most common medication: Tricyclic, Antidepressants, MAOIs, and SSRIs.

  14. Treatment Psychological Treatment Cognition techniques (Comprehensive interventions) -Negative thoughts - Includes suggestions for activities that will improve the client’s daily life Behavioral techniques Clinician teaches the client certain social skills; encourages the client to seek out activities that help restore a proper mood balance; reinforcements. Antidepressants

  15. Prognosis If it is left untreated, depression can lead to disability, chemical dependence, or suicide. - Approximately 90% of the individuals who commit suicide have on or more mental illnesses, the most common being depression.

  16. References Black-male-suicide. (n.d.). From Uppity Negro Network Depressed. (n.d.). From Terrace Counseling - Depression Info Halgin, R.P. & Whitbourne, S.K. (2005). Abnormal psychology: clinical perspectives on psychological disorders. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Myers, D.G. (2011). Myers’ psychology for ap*. New York, NY: Worths Publishers. William, J. (2008, Winter/Spring). Forum on science and technology. Depression, 88,1. Retrieved from MAS Ultra- School Edition.

  17. Discussion Question How can you use Operant Conditioning on those who attempt committing suicide?

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