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Patterns of Evolution

Patterns of Evolution. Coevolution. Two or more species that interact may evolve together. Examples: Predator-prey Parasites and hosts Plants and their pollinators. Convergent Evolution. Organisms that appear to be very similar, are not closely related at all.

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Patterns of Evolution

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  1. Patterns of Evolution

  2. Coevolution • Two or more species that interact may evolve together. • Examples: • Predator-prey • Parasites and hosts • Plants and their pollinators

  3. Convergent Evolution • Organisms that appear to be very similar, are not closely related at all. • The environment selects for the phenotype • Examples: • Sharks and Dolphins • Analogous structures are associated with convergent evolution

  4. Divergent Evolution • When closely related species become more dissimilar usually because of different habitats • Adaptive radiation: related species evolve from a single ancestral species

  5. Things that effect evolution • change in climate/habitat: a trait that was an advantage may no longer be an advantage • genetic drift: • change in allele frequency by chance events • greater impact on small populations • migration: species can be seperated or exposed to new environments

  6. geographic isolation: a species can be seperated geographically (canyon, different islands, etc.) • mutations: new variations can arise by random chance • reproductive isolation: something prevents organisms from sucessfully breeding examples: different mating seasons, different mating calls

  7. Classification • Taxonomy: the branch of biology that names and groups organism according to their characteristics and evolutionary history. • Aristotle was the first to use this method but was replaced due to confusion

  8. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Swedish Naturalist • Devised a system of grouping organisms into categories based upon form and structure • Created seven different levels of organization

  9. 7 Levels of Classification • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Kindly • Pass • Connie • Over • Fresh • Green • Salad

  10. BinomialNomenclature TwoNameNamingSystem

  11. Binomial Nomenclature • System that gives organisms two-part scientific name • Genus species • Genus is capitalized and both are in italics • Examples: • Homo sapiens • Lynx rufus

  12. 3 Domain System • Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS. • Domain Eukarya- includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) • Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria • Domain Archaea- includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria

  13. Tree of life • Phylogenetic Tree: showing evolutionary relationships among various species based upon similarities and differences in their physical and/or genetic characteristics.

  14. Phylogenetic Trees • Use a combination of: • Shared anatomical structures • Pattern of embryological development • Types of proteins • DNA sequencing

  15. Closely Related Node Derived Character: Characteristics that appear more recently in a group but are not seen in older organisms

  16. 1. ______ Wings2. ______ 6 Legs3. ______ Segmented Body4. ______ Double set of wings5. ______ Jumping Legs6. ______ Crushing mouthparts7. ______ Legs8. ______ Curly Antennae

  17. Dichotomous Keys • A step-by-step guide to help identify an organism • Follows a series of choices that lead you to the organism’s name

  18. Dichotomous Keys

  19. answers A.DeerusmagnusB. DeeruspestisC. DeerusoctagisD. DeeruspurplinisE. DeerusdeafusF. Deerushumpis

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